2022.07.02.37
Files > Volume 7 > Vol 7 No 2 2022
Sinan Ismael khaleel 1 , Hazim Ghazzay 2 *
, Ahmed Faeq Hammad 3
, Ahmed Faeq Hammad 31Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Anbar, Iraq
2* Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq
3 Department of Medicine, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Anbar, Iraq
Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2022.07.02.37
ABSTRACT
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a polygenic chronic inflammatory condition that influences several body organs. While renal and dermatological changes are among the most common presentations of the disease. The current study examines the possible association between human Resistin (h-Res) and signs of disorder activities such as inflammation, renal function, lipids, and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in females with SLE.
We performed cross-sectional research on 50 females with SLE diagnosed using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. Forty females were recruited as controls. They matched the following items, including gender and body mass index (BMI) with age. In SLE patients, we discovered a statistically significant positive relationship between h-Res levels and ESR, CRP, Cr, ds-DNA, C3, duration of steroid treatment, and other variables. Disorder activity as determined by systemic lupus erythematosus disease index (SLEDAI) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) (p-value <0.05). The levels of h-Res and C3 are discovered to have a statistically significant negative relationship. In the case of SLE, the h-Res level can be used as a marker for Lupus Nephritis (LN) and atherosclerosis. In patients of SLE, more aggressive therapy of the underlying inflammatory process and better control of the traditional risk factors may be beneficial in reducing the risk of renal and atherosclerotic derangement.
Keywords. biomarker, lupus nephritis, systemic lupus erythematous, Atherosclerosis
INTRODUCTION
SLE is a chronic inflammatory illness that mainly affects women and for which there is now no recognized solution. Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe symptom of SLE that damages the kidneys and is associated with renal failure, Patients with SLE, which affects 50% of the population and causes significant morbidity and mortality, are at an elevated risk of having a premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) 1. Many hormones and cytokines with significant systemic metabolic effects have been discovered in adipose tissue, which has been investigated for its capacity to release them. It is commonly acknowledged that adipocytes and a variety of other cells found in adipose tissue, such as immunocompetent cells, contribute to the total endocrine production of the body 2. Resistin is a cysteine-rich secretory peptide that has just been found, and It is thought that adipocyte is the source of its synthesis. According to animal research, h-Res is produced mainly in white adipose tissue and might represent the link between obesity and insulin resistance (IR). In humans, the function of h-Res is not yet totally elucidated. There is a hypothesis that h-Res has a pro-inflammatory impact and is plentiful in inflammatory illnesses (for example, Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and similarly, it is produced together with other inflammatory markers in many individuals 3.h-Res seems to have some role in bone metabolism, perhaps by stimulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activity, this is mediated by the nuclear factor-kappa B either directly or indirectly (NF-B) pathway. SLE is a chronic inflammatory illness that affects the kidneys and other organs throughout the body. It is characterized by a state of chronic inflammation throughout the body 4. As a result, we wanted to determine if there was a relationship between h-Res and numerous indicators of disease activity, lipids, renal function, inflammation, and bone mineral density (BMD) in females with SLE.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, 50 females with SLE illness participated in a cross-sectional design. SLE was diagnosed using the American College of Rheumatology's criteria (ACR). A total of forty matched controls were included in the investigation. Because h-Res is associated with obesity, the controls and the experimental group had similar BMIs. All attendees received educational booklets as a part of the program. All participants, including the control individuals, provided written informed permission before participating in the study. The medical ethics committee at Ain Shams University approved the study.
Exclusion criteria
The following problems have been identified: gestational diabetes, malignancy, SLE linked with other diagnoses (overlap conditions), liver diseases, intestinal inflammation, and instances with a history of angina, stroke, myocardial infarction, and renal failure on hemodialysis.
Inclusion Criteria
The other patients, however, while the study included cases of subclinical atherosclerosis (dyslipidemia) and patients with concomitant hypertension, this was done because some of the conventional hazards for atherosclerosis can be caused or worsened by SLE and/or interventions (steroid intake), hypertension alone with no dyslipidemia may be secondary to renal dysfunction rather than SLE.
Clinical evaluation
History and physical examinations were completed focusing on the duration of illness, history of medications intake, and conventional cardiovascular risk factors. The complete clinical study was done for all patients, and controls included calculating BMI (kg per m 2) and BP measurement. Hypertension has been defined as follows: SBP ⩾140 mmHg or DBP ⩾90 mmHg.
Laboratory assessment
Venous blood specimens were taken after fasting overnight, and sera were kept at -70 C until analyzed. Standard laboratory procedures were used to assess CRP levels, blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C3, C4, Cr, and HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides (Tg), and low-density lipoprotein both were investigated employing ordinary lab methods.
Bone biomarkers
The radioimmunoassay method was used to assess the quantitative levels of the bone reabsorption indicators Cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) and the bone formation markers Procollagen type 1 N-terminal Propeptide (P1NP) (Orion Diagnostical, Espoo, Finland). Threshold values for CTP were 0.7-μg/L and 2-μg/L for P1NP.
Human Resistin (h-Res)
h-Res levels have been determined with sandwiched enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) (R & D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA).
Cytokines
The pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF- α -, IL-1β, IL-6, and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) were quantified using a quantitative sandwich ELISA kit with a diagnostic threshold of 0.12, 0.1, 0.7, and 6.5 pg/mL, respectively.
Bone mineral densities measures
This study used the non-dominant hip (femoral neck and entire hip), Lumbar spine (L2–L4), and According to the DEXA scan, the non-dominant distal forearm has been identified (Dual energies x-ray absorptiometry) with a Lunar Prodigy densitometer 12165 (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK).
Fractures
Using a visual semi-quantitative method, we detected prominent vertebral compression fractures in the thoracic and lumbar spines (Th4-L4) on lateral x-rays of these regions. Generally speaking, compression fractures are defined as any vertebral abnormality that results in a minimum of a 20-25 % drop in height at the frontal, middle, and/or back levels. The same radiologist reviewed all X-rays throughout the study.
Normal controls
The levels of h-Res were determined in ten healthy donors and thirty healthy female staff members and Ph.D. students in the Rheumatology department.
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS-12.0.1 (IBM Inc., USA). Descriptive parameters were provided as median and range or as mean and standard deviation (mean SD). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test investigated the relationships between all of the variables. The Pearson correlation was used when the variables had a normal distribution; otherwise, the Spearman correlation was used. All tests were two-tailed, and the level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
RESULTS
According to the findings, the mean age of the patients under investigation was 25.26 yrs (±7.37 SD). The mean disorder (SLE) duration was 3.53 yrs (± 1.34 SD). The mean systolic blood pressure appeared to be 128.4 (± 15.5). Mean Diastolic blood pressure was 82.69 (±8.4 SD). The mean BMI was 28.09 (± 0.74 SD). Mean cholesterol was 225.01 (± 86.5 SD). Mean LDL was 149.05 (± 49.7 SD). Mean HDL was 40.5 (± 10.56 SD). Mean Triglycerides were 132.09 ± 57.25 SD) as in figure(1). There was a very significant difference in the levels of Cr, ESR, CRP, h-Res, or CIMT between the experimental and control groups, as in figure 2. Additionally, when comparing individuals with and those who do not have lupus nephritis, we found that those disparities were evident as well figure 3; in SLE cases, a significant positive association has been found between h-Res levels and CRP, ESR, Cr, ds-DNA, steroid use, disorder activities determined using CIMT and SLEDAI (p-value < 0.05). It was discovered that there was a significantly substantial negative relationship between h-Res levels and C3-figure 4.
Figure 1. Comparing among the study groups regarding CRP and resistin
Figure 2. Comparing cases with LN and those without LN, regarding CRP with Resistin
