2023.08.03.133
Files > Volume 8 > Vol 8 No 3 2023 > Diyala 3
Effect of temperature and extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) On the vegetative characteristics of marjoram
Abeer Jalil Jabbar1,*,
Intedhar Abbas Marhoon 2
1Al-Qadisiyah University/College of Science/Botany Department; 0000-0003-2302-0154
2Al-Qadisiyah University/College of Science/Botany Department; 0000-0003-1156-9043
*Correspondence: [email protected].
Available from.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2023.08.03.133
ABSTRACT
The effect of temperature and the addition of asco phylum node sum
extract on some vegetative characteristics represented by plant height, number
of branches, fresh and dry weight, and chlorophyll percentage, and it was found
through the results that treating the plant with a concentration of 50% of
algal extract is one of the best treatments in improving vegetative
characteristics and The least productive treatments were for plants whose seeds
were treated at low temperatures. The results were statistically analyzed
according to the randomized complete block design and using the computer
according to the SPSS system. The averages were compared using the ANOVA test
at a probability level of 5%.
Keywords:
extract- marjoram- Ascophyllum nodosum- Effect of temperature
INTRODUCTION
Temperature is one of the most critical environmental
factors that regulate the process of germination and control, to a large
extent, the growth of seedlings and plants 1. It has an apparent effect on the
speed of seed germination2, where low temperatures contribute to a
decrease in the rate of germination3, and high temperature
contributes to achieving an optimal level of germination4.
Scientific studies have proven the
use of marine algae to aid in soil fertility5, as some researchers
have found inventions related to extracts of seaweed that have proven effective
in helping the plant absorb mineral elements from the soil6
Benefiting from light energy7,
as well as marine algae, helps the plant synthesize amino acids inside it and
increases the amount of starch8.
Among the essential marine algae
extracts is the Ascophyllum nodosum section, which improves plant vigor,
increases root growth at a better level, enhances chlorophyll synthesis,
promotes early flowering, reduces pod breakage, delays aging, and enhances
tolerance to abiotic stress9.
Because of the importance of this
plant economically and medically at the global level in general, and at the
level of Iraq in particular, and because of the low production of this plant in
central and southern Iraq, it is necessary to use the best methods or modern
techniques that lead to an increase in yield and encourage growth in the
cultivated area to raise productivity and resource The economic. One of the
justifications for this study is the lack of academic studies that have focused
on studying the physiology of the marjoram plant.
Temperature is a significant factor
in controlling the seed germination rate, as temperature is essential in the
adaptation and change of growth factors in the specialized medium (water in the
soil) 10. However, it does not integrate into the plant itself, as there are
three temperatures in The effect on germination, where the highest percentage
of germination is in the optimum11. Germination occurs, "The
maximum temperature is the thermal ceiling above which germination will not
occur, as in this case the protoplasm of the seed will decompose and die" 12
A study was conducted by the
researcher13 using
the algal extract acrosin by spraying on citrus seedlings, which included four
concentrations (zero, 25, 50, 70). The results showed that increasing the
concentrations of spreading with acrosin led to an increase in most studied
traits. Such as increasing the diameter of 3 the stem, the number of leaves,
the number of growths, and the content of leaves from the elements magnesium,
nitrogen and chlorophyll.
One of the critical studies is the study (Daab,
2021) that used "the aqueous
extract of Sargassum vulgare at various concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) and
its application as a spray fertilizer on eggplant plants, as one spray every
seven days and evaluated as a trait, fertilizer and stimulant.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
This study was carried out in one
of the greenhouses of a farm in the city of Diwaniyah during the winter season
of 2021 AD. The seeds were sown in pots containing sandy soil mixture to study
the effect of temperature difference and algal extract on the germination of
marjoram daughters, the impact of temperature and algal section on the germination
speed, and some vegetative characteristics. The seeds were treated with three
different temperatures; the first group was treated with temperature. The
second group was treated with a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius, and the
third group was treated with a temperature of -5 degrees Celsius.
A solution of Ascophyllum nodosum extract of Canadian
origin contains nutrients such as macrosaccharides, carbohydrates 7-9%, the
mineral iodine, and fats. It has over thirty natural compounds and elements
(K2O 4% - P2O5 4% - N 4%). Natural growth stimulants and microelements
(manganese - magnesium - calcium - zinc - boron - iron-sulfur - copper). In
addition to vitamins, enzymes, amino acids (organic substance, at a rate of
18-21%), auxins, gibberelins, and cytokinins.
A solution of algae extract
Ascophyllum nodosum was prepared by taking 25 ml of the solution added to 975
ml of distilled water named in the first concentration (A1), and the second
concentration was designed by taking 50 ml of the solution added to 950 ml of
distilled water called in the second concentration ( A2). Then we prepared 45
anvils; each five anvils on one side were designated for average temperatures,
they were filled with 20 seeds for each anvil, and five anvils were allocated
for the first concentration (A1) and five other anvils for the second
concentration (A2), and each of them was filled with 20 seeds for each anvil.
The concentrations were added (the first and the second) to the anvils assigned
to them. Five special anvils were prepared at a temperature of 50, where the
seeds were exposed to a temperature of 50, then added to the anvils, and five
other anvils were prepared at a temperature of -5, where the roots were exposed
to a low temperature of -5. Five different anvils were assigned to a
temperature of 50 and worked with concentration A1, five other anvils to a
temperature of 50 and worked at a concentration of A2, five anvils to a
temperature of -5 and worked at a concentration of A1 and five anvils to a
temperature of -5 and worked at a concentration of A2. According to the height
of the plant (cm), the vegetative and dry weight (grams) and the number of
branches, the field chlorophyll was measured in the leaves of the plant with
the Chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 manufactured by Konica Minota company.
RESULTS
Should provide a
concise and precise description of the experimental results, their
interpretation, and possible practical conclusions:
It
was noted from the results of Table 1 that all concentrations of the algae
extract significantly affected the rate of growth of marjoram, as they differed
substantially in the rate of plant height, as marjoram outperformed
significantly in size after the second treatment, as it reached the average
rate of height of a plant (35,63) at the concentration of 50% at a temperature
of 50.
The
increase in the composition of the added extract had a significant effect on
increasing the height of the plant during the experiment season, as the effect
increases with the increase in the concentration level of the algal extract.
Table 1. Effect of temperature and Ascophyllum nodosum extract
and their interactions on the rate of plant height cm and marjoram.
It was noticed from the
data of Table 2 that the marjoram plant significantly outperformed the
secondary branches after the second treatment, as the average number of components
in the plants treated with temperatures reached 50. For both concentrations,
the highest percentage was 32.00 at the concentration of 50% of the algal
extract. The lowest rate was in the plants treated at different temperatures,
averaging 13,68. It becomes clear that the increase in the added extract's
concentration significantly affects the number of secondary branches of the
plant. The reason for this is attributed to the extract's role in improving the
plant's nutritional status and achieving an agreement in the ratio of the
vegetative group to the root system. It contains nutritious minerals, which may
be due to stimulating the plant to produce cytokinins essential in encouraging
lateral bud growth. This is due to the effect of cytokinin in its antagonism
with the action of auxin accumulated in the terminal bud, which led to
overcoming the apical dominance, growth and unfolding Lateral buds, and thus an
increase in secondary branches.
Table
2. Effect of temperature and extract of Ascophyllum
nodosum and their interactions on the average number of branches of marjoram
plant.
The data in Table 3
showed the effect of the study's treatments on the dry weight of the vegetative
group, as the difference in the variety has a significant impact on this trait,
as it reached the dry weight of the plant in the plants that were treated with
a concentration of 50% and the plants that were treated at a temperature of 50
and a concentration of( 50% of the algal extract) 25,27, 24,74 (g. Plant1-)
respectively for marjoram.
The data of Table 4
showed the effect of the study treatments on the fresh weight of the vegetative
group, as the difference of the variety had a significant impact on this trait,
as the importance of the new plant in the plants treated with both
concentrations reached the highest percentage (28,43 32,16) g. Plant-1,
respectively, for marjoram.
Table
3. Effect of temperature and Ascophyllum nodosum extract
and their interactions on the dry weight of marjoram plant.
It is noted from Table
No. 5 that the marjoram plant has a significant effect on the chlorophyll
pigment, as the marjoram plants were distinguished in this characteristic. It
was seen in the field that the stems of the marjoram plant were colored purple,
indicating that it is an anthocyanin pigment, which may have a role in
increasing the concentration of the chlorophyll pigment. It is also evident
from the table that increasing the spraying with the added extract's attention
affects the chlorophyll pigment, as the effect increases with the increase in
the spray concentration. The table shows that there is a significant difference
between the treatments, as the plants sprayed with a concentration of 50 ml / L
and 25 ml / L gave an average rate of chlorophyll dyes, which amounted to 9.8
8.6, which is a percentage close to the plants that were treated with a
temperature of 50 and sprayed with a concentration of 50 ml / L and 25 ml / L,
which It reached 9.7 to 8.8 in marjoram plants, and it was noted that there was
no change in plants that were treated with average temperature and plants that
were treated with temperature 5, and at temperature 5, which reached an average
rate of 6.1, and there was a slight change in plants that were treated with
temperature 5 with concentration A1 A2, which amounted to, The reason may be
attributed to several factors, including a lack of certain mineral nutrients in
the soil, such as a lack of iron, magnesium or zinc.
Table
4. Effect of temperature and Ascophyllum nodosum extract
and their interactions on fresh weight of marjoram plant.
Table
5. Effect of temperature and algal extract on chlorophyll content of
marjoram leaves.
DISCUSSION
As a result of the research, the
results obtained are very close to being accurate, or we can call them authentic.
These results are somewhat close to what was reached by the researcher who
conducted a study of the physiological characteristics of the marjoram plant 21,
as the researcher studied the effect of marine extracts on the formal attributes
of vegetative growth (plant length and number of branches), as the plant height
reached 43.8 cm. However, the level of gibberellins elongates cells and
increases chlorophyll synthesis, thus increasing photosynthesis and the production
of proteins essential in plant growth activity. The effectiveness of the
extract in inhibiting the action of the enzyme (dehydrogenase) of the (Pentose
phosphate cycle) and preserving the movement of the (Ribonuclease) enzyme,
whose concentration increases when the leaf enters the aging stage 19.
Perhaps the reason is due to the manufacture of porphyrins, which have a role
in building the chlorophyll pigment molecule. The reason may be increased
chloroplast division and chlorophyll pigments in the cell. These results are
consistent with what was found. Also, the results are close to what was
mentioned, 14, and with what he saw, 22.
CONCLUSION
By studying the characteristics of
plants such as plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers and number of
fruits, the results showed that using aqueous extract of Sargassum vulgare at
40% concentration was sprayed on the leaves of eggplant. Eggplant plants gave
the best results compared to fertilized plants using other concentrations.
Funding:No external funding was received for this research, or "This
research was funded.
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state, "The authors declare no conflict of interest." Authors must
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research results. Any role of the funders in the study's design, in the
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Received: 25 June 2023/ Accepted: 26 August 2023 / Published:15 September
2023
Citation: Jabbar A J ;
Marhoon I A F. Effect of
temperature and extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) On the vegetative characteristics
of marjoram. Revis Bionatura 2023;8 (3) 133
http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2023.08.03.133