2023.08.03.120
Files > Volume 8 > Vol 8 No 3 2023 > Diyala 3
The effect of different concentrations of a leaky isolation fun- gus (Fusarium solani) and it is treated in seedlings Okra plants aged 30 days
Halima Z. Hussein1,*, Kifah Hadi Radi2, Shahbaa Hameed Majeed3
1 University of Baghdad college of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, [email protected] .https://or- cid.org/0000-0003-3068-9999
2 Babylon Education/Ministry Education; [email protected].
3 College of Basic Education ,Mustansiriyah university, [email protected]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2258-9165.
* Correspondence: [email protected].
Available from. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2023.08.03.120
ABSTRACT
This study aimed at the investigation of root rot disease root to , deteriorating and death of okra plants;and the isolation of okra plants in Baghdad, Babel and Karbala provinces. Diagnosis and test the path- ogenicity. Fungi associated with the roots were isolated and identified. .The field survey results showed the dissemination of root rot disease and death of okra plants in the three provinces. The survey infection percent- age ranged from 50 to 100%,while the severity of infection was 18- 89%.Microscopic examination showed the existenceof six innate genera associated with the roots of thedeterioratingokraplants. ina varied replicater- atesas These fungi,namely Fusarium solani ,Rhizoctonia so lani, Macrophomina phaseolina ,Pythium sp., Mu- cor sp. and Aspergillus sp wereinvaried incidence rates. Thehighest incidencepercentagewas 58% for Fusarium solani..The Pathogenicity tests, using radish seed, f or of the 63 pathogenicfungi isolated fromthe- rootsoftheokra showed allisolateswere pathogenic.Seed germi nationpercentageranged from 084% , compared to 100% forcontroltreatment .The Pathogenicity test of ten F. solani isolates,showedthe germination percent ranged from 020percentcompared to100% control. Cultu re filtrate heat treated of F.solani(F.sH6) at 25, 50, 75 and 100% concentration affected the infection severity rate by 85and 91, 100and 100, 56 and, 80, 100 and 100%, respectively. while the infectionrate of untreated culture of F.solani (F.sH6). was 100%forall concen- trationsandthe infection sever ity percentageswere 88.50 and 90.10, 100 and 100%, respectively..
Keywords: Fusarium solani, Root rot disease ,Radish plant,Okra plant ,Heat
INTRODUCTION
Okra is one of the most important summer vegetable crops in Iraq. They are grown in all regions of the country 1. Okra is opt to attack various fungal diseases Fusarium spp. Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina, Aspergillus sulphorus.Chaetomium sp and Phytophthora spp.2 Fusarium solani, a common soil fungus that colonises plant materials, has been linked to plant illness, as well as human and animal infection, including corneal infection. F. solani can infect soybeans, avocados, citrus, orchids, passion fruit, peas, peppers, potato, and squash during prehar- vest or postharvest storage, as we all know 3. Long red shortness appears on Daybreak, turns taproot dark brown, and returns what cracked lengthwise happens to the root, and after the symptoms de- velop on the shoot of the most essential of wilting plants and reveal pale- colored leaves4. Fusarium produce four main types of toxins which Fumonisin, moniliformin, Zearalenone and beauvericin using TLC techniques HPLC. The role of these toxins in the disease to affect events in the cell membranes or inhibiting the action of enzymes and then block the enzymatic reac- tions responsible for oxidative phosphorylation or poison antidote works metabolically lead to a shortage of workers needed for plant growth factors 5.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field survey
Field survey of the root rot and death of okra plants have been carried out in the province of Bagh- dad, Babel, Karbala and included a survey 33 areas signed by the provinces as it has scanned the- infected plants, which developed symptoms of the disease in terms of degradation and yellowing and death, has been taking the test samples from the roots of the plants were placed in Polyethylene bags and then preserved in a refrigerator at a temperature 4 c and transferred the next day to the lab to be isolated fungi associated with whole root.
Fungi isolated from root system plant.
These samples were obtained from some provinces in the middle and south of Iraq. Samples were cut into 0.5-1cm and washed under running tap water for 30 minutes, then surface sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 minute and cultured on Potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with 200 mg\l Tetracycline and incubated at 25±1C° for 7 days, single spore technique was made for each isolate. Isolates were identified to the species level according to their cultural and morpho- logical characteristics The isolation frequency and relative density of genera and species were cal- culated according to [15] as follows:
Apperance (%) = No. of samples of occurrence Total No. of samples X100
Frequency (%) = No. of plant segments of species occurrence Total No. of segments used X100
The number of pieces in which the fungus appeared in dishes pathogenicity test pathogenicity tests on the radish seeds fungal isolates pathogenic associated with the roots of okra by using local radish seeds were tested estimated pathogenicity of 63 isolates of fungi that have been obtained from the acetate insulation operations, it has followed a method developed by Bolkan and Butler (1974) as it was prepared petri dishes diameter 9 cm container on the center and water (water Agar) record to add 20 gm Walker to liter sterile water (Autoclave) under a temperature of 121 m º pressure of 1.5 kg / cm² for 20 minutes and added the antibiotic Tetracycline and after the center-hardening were inoculated dishes in its disk diameter 5 mm from the fungus and the age of 7 days and the edges of the and then incubated dishes at a temperature of 25 ± 2 for three days and was then cultivate local radish seeds and sterile surface with a solution of sodium a concentration of 2% and in a circular, near the edges of the dish and a rate of 25 seeds each dish used four dishes for each isolation addition to treatment without comparison fungi dishes and incubated the same thermal grade and took the results after 7 days of Agriculture calculates the percentage of germination by the following equa- tion:
Number of germinated seeds the percentage of germination = × 100 The total number of seeds
Pathogenicity the seeds of okra.
This experiment carried out using some isolates of F. solani fungus disease which F.sB2, F.sB6, FsB8, FsH3, FsH6, FsH11, FsK2, FsK3, FsK4, FsK6 which proved high pathogenesis ability of the test has been isolates nurse the seeds of millet Development after he was creating flasks glass ca- pacity of 500 Sm³ and put in each and every one of them 100 grams of seeds and add to it 300 Sm³ water and soak for 6 hours and then poured the surplus water and sterilized Palmasd under temper- ature 121 m º and pressure of 1.5 kg / cm² for 20 minutes and then I left the next day and then was sterilized under the same conditions and having cooled vaccinated each flask seeds of millet have been vaccinated fungus pathogen by 3 tablets a diameter of 5 mm was taken from near the edges of the isolates Almnmah farms on the central Zorai PDA age of 7 days then incubated flasks under a temperature of 25 ± 14:00 º for 14 days with shaking every 2-3 days for a period of 10 minutes to ensure ventilation and distribution of vaccine fungi seeds 6. Experiment carried out according to complete random design (Completety Randomized Design (CRD four replications using potted sterile plastic diameter of 12 cm and a height of 12 cm and a capacity of 1.5 kg soil Mazijah com- posed of two sand: 1 Pettmos since been added isolates pathogenic fungus into the soil by 1% w / w A week after the passage of okra seeds are sown at 10 seeds per Sindanh comparison with treat- ment without mushroom nurse and then irrigated pots and underwent follow-up and after 10 days was germinated seeds account according to the following equation.Number of germinated seeds The percentage of germination = × 100The total number of seeds.The effect of isolates pathogenic fungus Fusarium solani in infected okra plants. This experiment carried out using some isolates of F. solani fungus disease which F. sB6, F. sB8, F. sH6, F. sH11, F. sK2 which high pathogenicity in the previous test has been the development of pathogenic isolates the seeds of local millet in the previous test. The experiment carried out in (CRD) with four replications using potted sterile plastic diameter of (12 cm and a height of 12 cm) and a capacity of 1.5 kg soil composed of two sands: 1 Pettmos since been added isolates pathogenic fungus into the soil by 1% w / w. Planted the seeds of okra at 5 seeds per pots with the comparison treatment without fungi and then irrigated pots and underwent follow-up and after 45 days and until the onset of symptoms of the disease have been uprooting see dlings and proportion and the severity of the incidence was estimated by 7.
RESULTS
Results showed that the deterioration and death of okra plants in all the provinces covered by the field survey as it has been cleared 10 areas of Baghdad province and 15 area of the province of Babylon, and 8 regions of the province of Karbala as more areas surveyed interested in the cultiva- tion of the crop okra ranging ratio infection between 50% - 100%.Also that all fungal isolates tested led to a significant reduction in the percentage of germination of radish seeds as a record ratio between 0-84% ranged treatment comparison of 100% as the percentage of germination reached 0.00%. Isolates pathogenic fungus R. sB1 and R. sB5 and R. sK1 as she was high pathogenesis ability.
Frequency of fungus
Results showed that (table -1) Fusarium solani the highest frequency as 58%, as found in all samples except three samples followed by the Rhizoctonia solani
Table 1. Fungi associated with the roots of infected plants okra.
Pathogenicity test
results (Table – 2) showed that all fungal isolates ested led to a significant reduction in the percentage of germination of radish seeds as a cord between 0-84% ranged treatment compared with control of 100% as the percentage of germination. These results are consistent with what was found12-13. when they studied the pathogenicity of fungal isolates isolated from okra roots. Infected. Since all the fungal isolates were pathogenic, there is a difference in the percentage of their effect on germination, and the reason for this may be attributed to the toxic substances secreted by the fungal isolates, the difference in the quantity and quality of these toxic substances, and the difference in their ability to secrete pectin-degrading enzymes, as they have the ability to secrete the enzyme polygalacturonase. While non-pathogenic fungal isolates do not have the ability to secrete this enzyme, or they have low effectiveness in producing this enzyme14. In addition to its ability to secrete enzymes that degrade kinin present in the host cell wall, such as peroxidase and ligninase, which is of importance in causing infection and spreading fungus toxins and enzymes in those cells15-16
Table 2. Test the pathogenicity of the fungal isolates associated with the roots of the infected Okra plants using radish seeds.
Results showed that (table 3) Fusarium solani isolates reduction of germination percentage range 0-20%. However, there are differences in pathogenicity, as these isolates cause seeds to rot before they germinate or seedlings to rot. The cause of pathogenicity is due to the difference in the quantity and quality of the toxic substance and enzymes secreted by these isolates17
Table 3. Test the pathogenicity of some isolates of Fusarium solani on Okra seeds
Results revealed that (table -4) Fusarium solani isolates effected different significant to dis- ease sverity,all isolates showed that incidence 100% compared with control 0.00, disease sverity range 73-89% compare to control 0.00.
Table 4. Effect of some isolates of Fusarium solani in the infection of okra plants
This is due to the high pathogenicity of the FSH6 isolate, as it is characteristic of some isolates of the fungus F solani. By secreting a wide range of enzymes that degrade the host cell walls that help penetrate the host, including chitinase, cellulose, protease, and polygalcturine, which degrade the middle sheet of the cell wall, as this group of enzymes has a major role in parasitizing living cells18, in addition to the fungus F. solani producing a number of metabolic compounds and toxins that have a major role in causing plant injury, such as phytotoxin, such as Fusaric acid Jaranicin, anhydrofusarubin, and polypeptide toxin, which has a major role in killing plant tissue. And then an invasion through necrotrophic intrusion19 -20 Results presented (table 5, table 6) Fusarium solani leaky thermally (25,50,75) effected different in disease severity and incidence percentage. The effectiveness of the filtrate of the pathogenic fungus isolate (F.solani FSH6) is attributed to a number of metabolic compounds, toxins and enzymes that degrade cell walls, which have an important and fundamental role in causing the disease, as the toxins affect the permeability of the cell membranes of the infected plants and act As chelating compounds for some mineral elements such as iron and copper, the filtrate of the pathogenic fungus F. solani (FSH6) that is not treated with heat contains enzymes as well as toxins and metabolic compounds.
Table 5. Effect of Different Concentrations heat treated of Fusarium solani Insecticide for 30 days
Table 6.Effect of different concentrations of unheated-treated fungal leachate for the isolation of Fusarium solani on 30-day papaya seedlings
DISCUSSION
The highest germination rate of 84% in isolation fungal AspB1 as it is one of the saprophytic fungus pathogenicity low-lying. While the percentage of germination in isolates of F. solani fungus pathogen did not exceed 32% of the percentage of germination of radish seeds and germination percentage isolation F. sH6 7%, the lowest percentage of germination compared Bazlat path- ogenic fungus F. solani 8 . These results agreed with what a number of researchers found that the fungus F.solani is one of the main causes of cucumber root rot disease9. These results agreed with10 as 35 isolates of the fungus that causes cucumber root rot were collected from infected cucumber plants from the fields of Riyadh / Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the F. solani isolates were efficient in increasing the infection. This also agreed 70 The results are also consistent with what was recorded10, where the fungus F. solani was isolated and diagnosed from the roots of cucumber plants from several fields in Najaf Governorate. A number of studies have indicated that the fungus F. solani is one of the main causes of root rot disease for a number of field crops, including sprouts, okra, and beans11 was able to obtain seventy-seven isolates. From the fungus F. solani from the fields of Salah al-Din and Diyala governorates. Fungi isolates associated with the roots of infected plants okra. results showed (Table – 1) that fungi associated with the root systems of infected plants okra were six types of fungal a Fusarium. These results agree with what was reported12 as each of them isolated the fungus F.solani.. R. solani M. phaseolin Pythium and Mucor and Aspergillus flavus 13.
The most important of these enzymes is the Polygalacturonase (PG) enzyme, which has a major role in attacking the pectin compounds in the walls of the transport vessels. And bronchioles, which leads to Analy sis of the middle lamina of wood parenchyma, as well as the enzyme Pectinmethylestrase (PME), which plays a role in causing plant infection 14-15. This test showed that the filtrate of the pathogenic fung us isolate (F. solani (FSH6) that is not sterile is more effective than Sterile leachate on 30-day-old okra seedlings 16-17. The reason for this is that the sterile leachate lost wall-degrading fungal enzymes during the heating process 18-19. These results are consistent with what Qasim16 found regarding the effect of fungal leachate on plants 20.
CONCLUSION
The highest germination rate of 84% was observed in the isolation fungal AspB1, while the lowest germination rate of 7% was observed in the isolation F. sH6. The fungus F. solani is one of the main causes of cucumber root rot disease. The fungus F. solani was isolated and diagnosed from the roots of cucumber plants from several fields in Najaf Governorate. The fungus F. solani is one of the main causes of root rot disease for a number of field crops, including sprouts, okra, and beans. The fungal isolate F. solani (FSH6) that is not sterile is more effective than sterile leachate on 30-day-old okra seedlings. The authors also discuss the role of fungal enzymes in causing plant infection. They conclude that the most important of these enzymes is the Polygalacturonase (PG) enzyme, which has a major role in attacking the pectin compounds in the walls of the transport vessels and bronchioles. They also discuss the role of the Pectinmethylestrase (PME) enzyme in causing plant infection.
Overall, the conclusions of the paper are that the fungus F. solani is a major cause of root rot disease in a variety of crops, and that fungal enzymes play a role in causing plant infection.
The results showed the presence of six fungal genera that cause okra root rot, and there is no effect of heat treatment on the effectiveness of the F. solani fungus, as heat treatment and non-treatment led to an increase in the severity of the infection and okra root rot
REFERENCES
1- Atlas, R. M. Hand book of Microbiological Media. 1997, 2 nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.38pp.
2- Jayalakshmi, S. K.; S. Raju, S. Usha Rani, V. I. Benagi and K. Sreeramulu. Trichoderma harzianum L1 as a potential source for lytic enzymes and elicitor of defense responses in chickpea (Ciser arietinum L.) against will disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Australian J. 2009, of Crop Sci. 3: 44-52.
3- Dan, W., Gao, J., Li, L., Xu, Y., Wang, J., & Dai, J.Cellular and non-target metabolomics approaches to understand the antifungal activity
of methylaervine against Fusarium solani. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters.2021, 43, 128068.
4- Wang, C., Ye, X., Ng, T. B., & Zhang, W. Study on the Biocontrol Potential of Antifungal Peptides Produced by Bacillus velezensis against Fusarium solani That Infects the Passion Fruit Passiflora edulis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2021, 69(7), 2051– 2061.
5- Agrios, G.N. Plant Pathology 4th Ed. Academic press Inc.1997, New York. p635.
6- Dewan, M.M. and k. Sivasithamparam.Growth promotion of rotation crop species by a sterile red fungus from wheat and effect of soil
temperature and water potential on its suppression of take-all . Mycol.1989, Res.93: 156-160.
7- Zain, H.; Tatar , A.; Alabi, O. M. .; Samiei Zafarghandi, M. . The Effect Of Using Different Levels Of Vitamin E On The Antioxidants Status Of Broiler Chickens. JLSAR 2023, 4, 37-44..
8- Akrami, M.,H. K. Khiavi,H. Shikhlinski and H. Khoshvaghtei . Biocontrolling two pathogens of Chick pea Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum by different com bination of Trichoderma harzianum , Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma virens under filed contition. international. J.Agri .Sci .2012. 3: 41-45.
9- Mohammed, A.M. and K.U. Hasan. Study of some antioxidant enzymes of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) infected by Fusarium solani fungus with biological control by Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2018.9:1249-1257
10- Al-Fadhal, Fadhal A.; Aqeel N. AL-Abedy and Duaa A. Alkhafije. Isolation and molecular identification of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani isolated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and their control feasibility by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control.2019.46:1-12
11- Hussein, S. N. Juboory. Identification and control the causal agent of root rot disease of cucumber in Iraq. Journal of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences. 2019.3:122-133
12- Thabit, S. S.; Awad, M. M.; Abdulateef, S. M. Effects of In-Ovo Injection of Sialic Acid on Chick’s Embryonic Development and Physiological Traits. Bionatura 2023, 8 (2).
13- Rahim, S. and S. Dawar. 2015. Seed borne mycoflora associated with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) pak. J.Bot.,47:747-751.
14- Aboud, H.M., S.A. Said, H.N. Saleh and M.M. Dewan. 2001. Studies for isolate of Thielaviopsis paradoxa. the scientific Journal of Iraq Atomic Energy Commission,2001. 3: 150-155
15- Abdulateef, S. M., Aldhanki, Z. T. M. & Rashid, S. A. The influence of different sounds on the feeding behavior of broiler chickens and their impact on blood physiology and conditioning place preference (CPP). Plant Arch. 2018.18
16- Saed, Z. J. M., Mohammed, Th. T. & Farhan, S. M. Effect of ginger and celery seeds as feed additives on reproductive performance of broiler breeder males. Plant Archives.2018,18(2): 1823-1829.
17- Vidhyasekaran, p. Fungal pathogenesis in plant in crop. Molecular biology and host defense mechanism. Marcel Dekker incorporation.1997.542pp.
18- Baker, R.A.; H. Ames and N.K. Stanley.Toxin production by Fusarium solani from fiberous roots of blight diseased citrus. Phytopathology.1981. 71 :951-953.
19- Strange, N.R.Plant disease control. Towards environmentally acceptable methods puplished by Chapman and Hall,2-6 Boundary Row, London.1993. SE18 HN. 355pp.
20- Rodvera, V.and J.Stanchera. First results from in vitro selection and industrial research Pakistan.1999. 40:38-40.
Received: 25 June 2023/ Accepted: 26 August 2023 / Published:15 September 2023
Citation: Hussein H., Radi K.H, Majeed S.H. The effect of different concentrations of a leaky isolation fun- gus (Fusarium solani) and it is treated in seedlings Okra plants aged 30 days. Revis Bionatura 2023;8 (3) 120 http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2023.08.03.120