2023.08.04.72
Files > Volume 8 > Vol 8 no 4 2023
Effect of spraying with silicon, humic acid, and proline on the safflower tolerance (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to salt stress
Qadesia Alabdulwahed1*, Kadhim Huthily2
2 Field Crops Department/ College of Agriculture/Al-Basrah University; [email protected]
* Correspondence: [email protected]
Available from. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2023.08.04.72
ABSTRACT
The experiment was carried out in the winter of season 2021-2022 in the research field of the College of Agriculture - University of Basra (latitude 30.57° North and longitude 47.80°) to study the effect of foliar spraying of silicon, humic acid, and proline on the endurance of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to salt stress. The experiment was carried out by distributing eight treatments of foliar spraying. Silicon (Si) was sprayed at a concentration of 800 ppm, humic acid (H) at a concentration of 80 ppm, and proline (P) at a concentration of 100 ppm. The studied treatments included control (C), Si, H, P, SiH, SiP, HP, and SiHP) on two soils with salinity (7.63 and 14.24 ds m-1) randomized complete block design with three replicates. The seeds of safflower (Cv. Gila) were planted in the two soils. The results showed significant superiority of the triple treatment (SiHP) in all studied traits, as it recorded the highest mean of height (156.3 cm), number of bells in the plant 59.11, number of seeds in the bell (59.17), weight of 500 seeds (24.30 g), seeds yield (10549 kg seeds ha-1) and biological yield (27582 kg ha-1) with a significant increase over the control treatment, which amounted to 64.2 cm, 26.08 bell plant-1, 24.90 seed bell-1, 14.03 g, 1725 kg seeds ha-1 and 6594 kg.ha-1 respectively—superiority of the proline treatment in all studied traits. Salinity decreased the number of seeds in the plant, the weight of 500 seeds, and seed yield. The foliar spray with the above treatments has proven its effectiveness and efficiency in growth and yield and increased salinity tolerance, in addition to the fact that these materials are environmentally friendly.
Keywords: Foliar Spraying; Salinity; Silicon; Humic acid; proline.
INTRODUCTION
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multi-use crop; it can grow in arid and semi-arid environments because of its tolerance to drought stress, salinity, and lower and higher temperatures 1. Salinity is considered one of the significant abiotic stresses affecting crop production. Approximately 50% of farmlands and 20% of the world’s agricultural land are salt-affected 2. Salinity inhibits crop growth and productivity via limiting photosynthesis and energy conservation imbalance 3. Salinity causes an increase in the osmotic pressure of the soil solution, toxicity to some ions, especially sodium and chloride, or an imbalance of ions inside the plant. The attempt to increase the yield of the safflower crop and its tolerance to salt stress can be achieved through the use of nutrients that are not harmful to the environment, such as the use of silicon, which4 indicated its role in reducing the harmful effects of salinity and drought and in improving the efficiency of photosynthesis. Several studies have suggested positive growth effects of silicon nutrition, increased biomass, yield, and pollination 5. Humic acid, which is a biostimulant, can also be used as it increases the plant’s ability to grow and photosynthesize by enhancing the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil 6, 7 It was also found that spraying proline on plants enhanced growth with increased biomass and improved photosynthesis, which occurred under saline stress conditions, due to the positive role that proline plays by reducing the absorption of sodium and chlorine ions and enhancing potassium ion absorption 8. Foliar spraying is preferred because soil salinity affects the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil 9. Since the soils of central and southern Iraq have high concentrations of salts that make them unsuitable for the cultivation of many field crops, and for the lack of studies in the southern region on the effect of spraying with silicon, humic acid, and proline on the growth and yield of safflower under those conditions, the aim or target.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out in the research field of the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah / Karma Ali site (latitude 30.57° N and longitude 80. 47 °) in the winter of the 2021-2022 study. The first factor included spray solutions with silicon (800 ppm), humic, acid (80 ppm), and proline (100 ppm), and the second factor included two soils that differ in their salinity on the tolerance of safflower (Cv. Gila) to saline stress. Eight single and combination treatments were used as foliar applications, including control (C), silicon (Si), humic acid (H), proline (P), silicon +, humic acid (SiH), silicon + proline (SiP), humic acid + proline (HP) and silicon + humic acid + proline (SiHP) and two soils the first with salinity 7.63 ds m-1 (S1) and the second with salinity14.24 ds m-1 (S2) the experiment was applied using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates (blocks), each block includes eight spray treatments with 24 experimental units for the first soil and 24 experimental units for the second soil. After the soil was prepared by plowing, smoothing and modifying, random samples were taken from different field areas to estimate some physical and chemical properties (as shown in Table 1).
Table 1. Some Chemical and Physical Properties of Soil.
Each experimental unit had dimensions of 3 * 2.4 meters, containing four lines with a length of 3 meters; the distance between one line and another was 0.6 m. and 0.25 m within. The seeds were planted on 5/11/2021, and one plant was left in each hole. Fertilizers were added equivalent to 240 kg N ha-1 (in two batches) with 60 kg P ha-1 and 120 kg K ha-1. The eight treatments used were sprayed in three stages; after 40, 70, and 100 days of planting, 10 plants were selected from each experiment to study the different traits. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program ver. 23, and the least significant difference (LSD P<0.05) to compare the means.
RESULTS
Plant height
The analysis of variance (Table 8) and the results of Table (2) showed that all spraying treatments, whether single, double, or triple, had a positive and significant effect and led to an increase in plant height compared to the control. The highest height for the safflower plants (156.3 cm) was recorded using the SiHP treatment with an increase of 143.5 % compared to the control, which recorded the lowest value (64.2 cm.). The data in Table 2 and analysis of variance (Table 8) indicate no significant effect of salinity on plant height, perhaps because the plant height values were calculated as an average of all effects resulting from adding the studied treatments that weakened and reduced the effect of salinity. The interaction between spraying treatments and salinity treatments significantly affected plant height. SiHP treatment in non-saline and saline soil recorded the highest height, reaching 154.7 and 157.9 cm. respectively.
Table 2. Effect of spraying solutions (silicon, humic acid and proline) and salinity and their interaction on the plant height (cm.)
Number of bells
The results of the first factor in Table 3 indicate the significant effect of spraying combination SiHP, as it recorded the highest average number of bells per plant, reaching 59.11 bell plant -1, with an increase of 126.64% compared to the lowest average recorded in the control treatment, which gave 26.08 bell plant-1. As for the binary treatments SiH, SiP and HP, it is noticeable that they significantly outperformed the control treatment with an increase of 92%, 106.86% and 112.54%, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the SiP and HP treatments, but they were significantly superior to the SiH treatment. The results of the first factor showed a significant superiority of the single treatment average P compared with the averages of silicon and humic acid, with an increase of 12.26% and 31%, respectively. Table 3 shows a significant difference between treatment S1 and treatment S2, with an increase of 11.50%.
The interaction between spraying the three substances and salinity significantly affected the number of bells per plant, and the treatment SiHP in S1 soil gave the most significant number of bells in the plant, reaching 62.30 bell plant-1.
Table 3. Effect of spraying solutions (silicon, humic acid and proline) and salinity and their interaction on several bells in the plant.
Number of seeds in bell
The results of Table 4 indicate the significant effect of spraying silicon, humic acid, and proline or their interaction on the number of seeds in the plant, which led to an increase compared to the control. The number of seeds in the bell recorded using the SiHP treatment reached 59.17 seed bell-1, with a rise of 137.63% compared to the control, which gave the lowest value of 24.90 seed bell-1. The increase in the rest of the treatments ranged from 59.84% by spraying humic acid to 105.46% by using humic acid + proline.
It is also noted from Table 4 that the increase in soil salinity (S2) led to a decrease in the number of seeds per bell to 41.67 compared to 47.45 seeds per bell at soil S1, with a reduction of 18%.
The interaction between spraying the three substances and salinity significantly affected the number of seeds per bell, and the treatment SiHP in S1 soil gave the most significant number of seeds in the bell, reaching 62.33.
Table 4. Effect of spraying solutions (silicon, humic acid and proline) and salinity and their interaction on seed number in bell.
Weight of 500 seed
The statistical analysis results (Table 8) showed the significant effect of spraying silicon, humic acid, or proline (individually or mixing them) in increasing the weight of 500 seeds. The data in Table (5) showed that all spraying treatments led to an increase in seed weight compared to the control; the SiHP treatment recorded the highest weight of 500 seeds, reaching 24.3 gm with a significant increase of 73 % over the control, which gave 14.03 gm. As for the rest of the treatments, it led to an increase in weight, and the percentage of increase was between 32% when spraying humic acid and 53% when spraying HP.
Other results in Table 5 indicate a significant decrease in seed weight by 5.2% due to the high salinity (S2) level, where the treatment recorded 19.34 g per 500 seeds. At the same time, it was 20.40 g in the S1 interaction.
Table 5. Effect of spraying solutions (silicon, humic acid and proline) and salinity and their interaction on the weight of 500 seeds.
Seeds yield
The results of the analysis of variance (Table 8) explained the significant effect of spraying silicon or humic acid or proline (individually or mixing them) in increasing the seed yield. The results in Table 6 showed the superiority of the SiHP treatment in recording the highest seed yield per unit area, amounting to 10549 kg seeds ha-1 with a significant increase that reached more than five times the yield recorded in the control (which gave 1725 kg seeds ha-1). As for the other treatments, a significant increase was recorded compared to the control.
From the results, the single factor most influential in increasing the yield was the proline spray, which recorded 7254 kg. ha-1, followed by the silicon treatment. In general, the double mixtures gave a higher yield than spraying the agents individually, especially in HP treatments, which recorded a yield of 8213 kg. ha-1. As for the effect of soil salinity, there was a significant decrease in seed yield by 23.8% for saline soil (S2), which gave 5522.3 kg. ha-1 compared to 7248.4 kg. ha-1 for non-saline soil (S1). The interaction between spraying treatments and soil salinity significantly affected the seed yield, and the treatment SiHP planted in non-saline soil recorded the most outstanding seed yield of 13302 kg. ha-1, with a significant difference from all other interactions. The results recorded here are a summation and a reflection of the results recorded for the number of seeds per plant, the weight of 500 seeds, and the different effects produced by the studied treatments.
Table 6. Effect of spraying solutions (silicon, humic acid, and proline) and salinity and their interaction of seed yield (kg. ha-1).
Biological yield
The results of the statistical analysis in Table 8 indicate that the spraying materials, whether single, double or triple, had a significant and positive effect and led to an increase in the biological yield compared to the control treatment. It is noted from the data in Table 7 that the triple spray (SiHP) recorded the highest biological yield of 27582 kg. ha-1 significantly increased more than three times compared to the control treatment, which gave 6594 kg. ha-1. Regarding the effect of individual factors, proline spraying was the most effective in increasing the biological yield, which gave 16413 kg. ha-1 with an increase of 149% compared to the control, followed by silicon (12541 kg. ha-1) and then humic acid (10783 kg. ha-1). As for the dual spraying, the treatment HP recorded a biological yield of 20468 kg. ha-1. Soil salinity did not affect the biological yield of safflower, perhaps because it did not affect plant height (Table 2).
The results of the statistical analysis in Table 8 indicate that the spraying materials, whether single, double or triple, had a significant and positive effect and led to an increase in the biological yield compared to the control treatment. It is noted from the data in Table 7 that the triple spray (SiHP) recorded the highest biological yield of 27582 kg. ha-1 significantly increased more than three times compared to the control treatment, which gave 6594 kg. ha-1. Regarding the effect of individual factors, proline spraying was the most effective in increasing the biological yield, which gave 16413 kg. ha-1 with an increase of 149% compared to the control, followed by silicon (12541 kg. ha-1) and then humic acid (10783 kg. ha-1). As for the dual spraying, the treatment HP recorded a biological yield of 20468 kg. ha-1. Soil salinity did not affect the biological yield of safflower, perhaps because it did not affect plant height (Table 2).
The interaction between spraying treatments and soil salinity significantly affected the biological yield, and the therapy SiHP planted in non-saline soil recorded the most significant biological yield of 29702 kg. ha-1, with a significant difference from all other interactions.
The factors that affect growth characteristics, including plant height yield, will impact the biological yield.
Table 7. Effect of spraying solutions (silicon, humic acid, and proline) and salinity and their interaction on biological yield (kg. ha-1).
Table 8. Analysis of variance represented by mean square for the studied traits.
DISCUSSION
Even in saline soils, the effect of spraying silicon, humic acid, and proline was evident in increasing the plant’s tolerance to salt stress, as an increase in plant height was observed with the spraying of these substances. This result is consistent with what 10 observed regarding the effect of silicon on the height of safflower plants. Silicon plays an essential role in many vital processes within the plant, the most important of which is improving photosynthesis efficiency, increasing the roots’ effectiveness in absorbing water and nutrients, and increasing its tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress conditions 5, 13. Also, humic acid, a biostimulant, can increase the plant’s ability to grow and photosynthesize by enhancing water absorption and nutrients from the soil 7. The most significant effect of proline, which works on the osmotic balance during stress, is that it improves the activity of red antioxidants, reduces the absorption of sodium and chlorine ions, and enhances potassium absorption 8. The number of bells per plant decreased when the salt concentration in the soil increased. This, of course, comes from the negative impact of salinity, whether in reducing the rate of absorption of water and nutrients from the soil or from the nutritional imbalance within the plant, as well as the negative impact of salinity on many physiological processes, that salinity hinders protein synthesis and metabolism and causes oxidative stress (ROS) that leads to oxidation of fats and proteins 11. The number of seeds in the bell is due to the role of the studied factors in increasing the content of chlorophyll and the rate of photosynthesis, changing the behavior of stomata and reducing the rate of transpiration in leaves, which means an increase in the efficiency of photosynthesis in the different stages of growth, leading to flowering, to the stage of flowering and seed formation, and the transfer of the products of the photosynthesis process to the seeds with greater efficiency.
The most important observation is that spraying the above materials helped increase the seed’s weight, even in saline soils, in proportions similar to those in non-saline soils. Proline, an amino acid, plays an essential role in plants. It protects the plants from various stresses and helps them recover more rapidly. Silicon plays a vital role in many biological processes within the plant, the most important of which is improving photosynthesis efficiency, increasing roots’ effectiveness in absorbing water and nutrients, and increasing its tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress conditions 12, 14. Proline, an amino acid, is highly beneficial in plants exposed to various stress conditions. Besides acting as an excellent osmolyte, proline plays three significant roles during stress, i.e., as a metal chelator, an antioxidative defense molecule and a signaling molecule 15, 16.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on what the results of the study gave of the beneficial effect of foliar spraying with silicon, humic acid and proline in promoting growth and seed yield under saline stress conditions, even with a high salt concentration in the soil, it was recommended to use the combination (SiHP) in safflower productivity. More studies can be conducted on other plants to confirm the results obtained
.
Author Contributions: Formal analysis, Kadhim Huthily.; investigation, Kadhim Huthily.; resources, Qadesia Alabdulwahed.; data curation, Qadesia Alabdulwahed.; writing—original draft preparation, Qadesia Alabdulwahed.; writing—review and editing, Qadesia Alabdulwahed.; visualization, Qadesia Alabdulwahed.; Kadhim Huthily.; supervision, Kadhim Huthily.; project administration, Qadesia Alabdulwahed.; funding acquisition, Qadesia Alabdulwahed. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.”
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the staff of the Field Crops Department, College of Agriculture, and the University of Basrah for their support and advice in some parts of the study.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
1-Zanetti, F., Angelini, L. G., Berzuini, S., Foschi, L., Clemente, C., Ferioli, F., Tavarini, S. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) a winter multipurpose oilseed crop for the Mediterranean region: Lesson learned from on-farm trials. Ind. Crops Prod 2022, 184, 115042.
2-Munns, R, Tester, M. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 2008, 59:651–681. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911.
3-Zhu, J. K. Abiotic stress signaling and responses in plants. Cell 2016, 167:313–324.
4-Ahmadi, K., Shojaeeyan, A., Omidi, H., Amini Dehaghi, M., Azadbakht, F. The effect of salicylic acid, and potassium nitrate on germination characteristics, photosynthetic pigments and seedling proline seedlings of two safflower cultivars under salinity stress. Env. Stresses Crop Sci 2020, 15(1), 247-257. doi: 10.22077/escs.2020.3593.1882.
5-Korndörfer, G. H.; Lepsch, I. Effect of silicon on plant growth and crop yield. In: Datnoff LE, Snyder GH, Korndorfer GH (eds) silicon in agriculture. plant sci. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2001, pp 133–147.
6-Nabi, H. A. A., Obaid, A. K. Effect of Humic Acid on Some growth Characteristics and Green Yield of Two Hybrids of Broad bean (Vicia faba L.). Basrah J. Agric. Sci 2019, 32, 256-261.
7-Heydari, M., Moghadam, H. R. T., Ghooshchi, F., Modarres-Sanavy, S. A. M., Kasraie, P. Foliar Application of Humic Acid and Some Exo-and Endophytic Growth Hormones on Yield, Yield Components and Fatty Acid Composition in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under Drought Stress. J. Agric. Sci 2021, 27(4), 500-508.
8-El Moukhtari, A., Cabassa-Hourton, C., Farissi, M., Savouré, A. How does proline treatment promote salt stress tolerance during crop plant development? Front. Plant. Sci 2020, 11, 1127.
9-Hajihashemi, S., Skalicky, M., Brestic, M., Pavla, V., Cross talk between nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and calcium in salt-stressed Chenopodium quinoa Willd. At seed germination stage. Plant Physiol. Biochem 2020, 154, 657–664. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.022.
10-Amiri A., Bagheri A., Khajeh M., Najafabadi Pour F., Yadollahi P. Effect of silicone foliar application on yield and antioxidant enzymes activity of safflower under limited irrigation conditions. J. Crop prod. Reas 2014, 5(4):361- 372.
11- Alaaraji, S.F.T., Mohisen, M.A., Awad, M.M. Assessment serum levels of neopterin, IL-6, IL-1β, hs-CRP, TNF-α and MMP 9 in iraqi rheumatoid arthritis patients (2020) Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (12), pp. 88-93.
12-Meena, V. D.; M. L. Dotaniya; Vassanda Coumar; S. Rajendiran; Ajay; S. Kundu , A. subba Rao. A case for silicon fertilization to improve crop yields in tropical soils. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci, India Section B: Biological Sci 2014, 84(3):505-518.
13- Sahib, A. A.; Hussein, K. O.; Hameed, D. M. .; Salih, E.; Kareem, H. . Diffuse Anxiety Syndrome In Those With Stomach Ulcers In Samawa City’s. JLSAR 2022, 3, 6-11.
14-Hassan, H. H., Huthily, K. H., Mohsen, K. H. Effect of Humic Acid and Silicon on some Growth Characteristics of Maize (Zea mays L.). Basrah J. Agric. Sci 2019 , 32(2), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.190
15-Hayat, S.; Q. Hayat; M. N. Alyemeni, A. S. Wani; J. Pichtel , A. Ahmad. Role of proline under changing environments. Plant Signal. Behav 2012, 7(11):1456-66
16-Rady, M., Kusvuran, A., Alharby, H. F., Alzahrani, Y., Kusvuran, S. Pretreatment with proline or an organic bio-stimulant induces salt tolerance in wheat plants by improving antioxidant redox state and enzymatic activities and reducing the Oxidative stress. J. Plant Growth Regul 2019 , 38, 449–462.
Received: 26 September 2023 / Accepted: 15 April 2023 / Published:15 December 2023
Citation: Alabdulwahed, Q.; Huthily, H. Effect of spraying with silicon, humic acid, and proline on the safflower tolerance (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to salt stress. Revis Bionatura 2023;8 (4) 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2023.08.04.72
Publisher’s Note: Bionatura stays neutral concerning jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Submitted for possible open-access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).