2023.08.04.66
Files > Volume 8 > Vol 8 no 4 2023
Effects of phosphorus fertilizer and nano-magnesium spray on the vegetative and reproductive of Datura stramonium L.
Shrooq Khalifa Al-Tamimi 1,
Ali Nadhim Farhood 2, *
1 Department of Field Crops/ Agriculture Collage/ Kerbala University.
[email protected]@e-mail.com.
2 Department of Field Crops/ Agriculture Collage/ Kerbala University; [email protected]
@e-mail.com.
Available from. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2023.08.04.66
Available from. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2023.08.04.66
ABSTRACT
In 2021, a field experiment was conducted at the College of
Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq, to study the effect of
phosphate fertilization1 and nano-magnesium spraying on Datura plants'
vegetative and reproductive traits. The experiment was conducted with three
replications according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two
factors. The first factor included four levels of Phosphorus fertilizer: 0, 25,
50, and 75 kg P h-1. The second factor included spraying of nano-magnesium in
four concentrations: 0 (distilled water only) and 60, 120, and 180 mg Mg L-1.
The results showed that phosphorous caused a significant increase in the
studied traits, as the treatment 50 kg P ha-1 gave the highest mean
plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf yield, seed
yield, alkaloids percentage in leaves and seeds, number of fruits and number of
seeds, which amounted to 4953 cm and 27.62 plant-1, 124.49
leaves Plant-1, 1989.12 cm2,
501.36 kg ha-1, 501.49 kg ha-1, 13.16%, 13.18%, 26.02
fruit plant-1 and 228.14 seed plant-1, respectively. The
treatment 180 kg Mg h-1 gave the highest average plant height,
number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, yield of leaves, yield of
seeds, percentage of alkaloids in leaves and seeds, number of fruits and number
of seeds reaching 58.27 cm And 21.90 branches Plant-1, 122.94 leaves
Plant-1, 1996.62 cm2, 886.59 kg h-1, 486.17 kg
h-1, 14.86%, 15.10%, 26.56 fruits plant-1, 24.63 seeds
plant-1. Adding phosphorous and spraying nano-magnesium improves the
vegetative and reproductive traits of the Datura plant.
Keywords. Fertilization; Nano–Nutrients; Medicinal Plant; Yield; alkaloids.
INTRODUCTION
Datura has many pharmaceutical properties because it
contains organic esters known as alkaloids1. These alkaloids have
antiasthmatic and anticholinergic properties, which treat various conditions,
including digestive and respiratory disorders2. Several studies
indicated the therapeutic importance of the Datura plant, as the extract of
Datura leaves is used to relieve headaches, rheumatic pain, and gout and an
ointment for burns, as well as the inclusion of some active substances in it in
the treatment of Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and depression3. Previous studies have shown the role of nutrients,
including phosphorous and magnesium, in improving Datura's vegetative and
reproductive traits. Phosphorus is an essential element in the plant to enter
the synthesis of some nucleic acids, and the synthesis of ADP and ATP is
critical in energy transfer. Important in plant respiration and photosynthesis
oxidation and reduction reactions4. It also works to change the
environment of the roots. It thus improves the supply of water, nutrients, and
compounds necessary for the growth and formation of plant organs5
concluded, after applying a field experiment on tobacco plants, that
fertilizing with phosphorous at levels of 75 and 225 kg P2O5
h-1 caused a significant increase in The height of the plant and the
number of leaves reached (96.4 and 97.9) cm and (28.2 and 28.5) leaves Plant-1,
superior to the non-fertilization treatment5. They were recorded
when applying a field experiment on the tobacco plant using two levels of
phosphate fertilizer, 75 and 225 kg h-1, which caused a significant
increase in seed yield, which reached 1635 and 1692 kg h-1 compared
with the non-fertilization treatment.
Magnesium is one of the
components of chlorophyll in plants, as no other element can play this role in
place of magnesium, as it activates and mediates some biochemical reactions6.
Magnesium is an essential element in the metabolic processes of ATP during the
synthesis of respiration, which is necessary for activating many enzymes that
are organic catalysts in phosphorous metabolism. Magnesium activates more plant
enzymes than any other nutrient7. Magnesium has essential properties
that help the plant in various growth processes, such as root and vegetative
growth and increasing the size of fruits, in addition to its active role in the
formation of cells, as well as its ability to build strong roots and solid
stems8. Nine recorded, after applying a field experiment on a
tomato plant using three levels of magnesium, 0.04%, 0.08% and 0.12%, that
treatment with 0.12% magnesium caused a significant increase in plant height,
several branches and number of fruits with averages of 72.98 cm and 7.94 branch
Plant-1 and 31.01 fruit plant-1 fruit, respectively,
compared to the no-addition treatment, which gave 66.82 cm and 6.30 branch
plant-1 and 22.99 fruit plant-1,
respectively. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the role of
phosphorous and nano-magnesium in improving the vegetative and reproductive of
Datura plants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field
experiment was carried out during the 2021 agricultural season in one of the
experimental fields of the College of Agriculture, University of Karbala -
Karbala - Iraq, to study the effect of phosphate fertilization and spraying
with nano-magnesium on the vegetative and reproductive of Datura. The
experiment was carried out with three replications according to a randomized
complete blocks design with two factors; the first factor included four levels
of Phosphorus fertilizer: 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P h-1, while the
second factor included the spraying of nano-magnesium in four concentrations: 0
(distilled water only) and 60 And 120 and 180 mg Mg L-1, then the
following field measurements were taken:
Plant height
(cm) was measured from the soil surface level
to the top of the plant's main stem.
- Number of branches
(branches plant-1): The total
number of primary and secondary branches of five plants for each experimental
unit was calculated.
-
Number of leaves (leave plant-1): The number of leaves per plant was
calculated, and then the average was extracted.
-
Leaf area (cm2): The disks method was used to estimate the
leaf area. 9
- leaf yield
(kg h-1): The leaves
of the plants were weighed.
- Number of
fruits (fruit plant-1): Five plants were taken randomly from the median lines, then their
average was extracted.
-
Number of seeds (seed fruit-1):The measurement was made using the number
of fruits taken from the five measured plants, and the average was extracted accordingly.
- Weight of
1000 seeds (g): 1000 seeds were weighed using the sensitive scale.
-
Total seed yield (kg h-1): The yield was measured for each
experimental unit and then converted to kg. H-1
Percentage
of alkaloids in leaves and seeds:- Leaves and seeds samples were taken from
all experimental units, and the alkaloids were calculated as a percentage of
the weight of the analyzed sample as 10 gm of dried leaves and seeds were
extracted by Soxhlet extractor with 50 ml of methanol at a temperature of 50 °C
until the weight was stable10,11.
Statistical data analysis
All traits were statistically analyzed. The statistics software
GenStat12 employed the least significant difference (LSD) test at a 0.05
probability value.
RESULTS
The results of Table 1 showed that phosphorous caused a significant
increase in plant height, number of branches, number of leaves and leaf area,
as the treatments 50 kg P h-1 gave the highest averages for plant
height, which reached 62.49 cm, and for the number of branches came 27.62
branches Plant-1 and the number of leaves reached 124.49 leaves
Plant-1 and the leaf area reached 1989.12 cm2
respectively. In contrast, the non-fertilization treatment gave the lowest
averages 50.54cm and 12.64 branches plant-1 and 83.30 leaves plant-1
and 1897.39 cm2), respectively.
Table shows that there was no significant effect of spraying treatments
with Nano-magnesium on plant height and number of branches, that treatment 180
mg Mg L-1 gave the highest number of leaves (122.94 leaf plant-1)
and leaf area (1996.62 cm2) respectively, superior to the control
treatment, which gave (98.85 leaf plant-1) and (1931.59 cm2).
Also, the table results showed no significant interaction between phosphorous
and Nano-magnesium spray treatments on plant height and number of branches. At
the same time, there was significant interaction in the number of leaves and
leaf area, that the treatment 180 mg L-1 interacting with 50 kg P ha-1
gave the highest leaf area and number of leaves of Datura plant reached 2056.60
cm2 and 150.59 leaf-1, respectively, while the four levels of
Nano-magnesium interacting with the treatment of no phosphorous addition gave
the lowest averages.
*: It means that there are significant differences at the level of
probability 0.05.
N.S: It means that there are no significant differences at the level of
probability 0.05.
a, b, c, d,e: Similar letters mean there
are no significant differences; different letters mean there are substantial
differences
Table 1. Effect of phosphorous and nano-magnesium spray on some traits
of vegetative growth of Datura.
The results
of Table 2 showed that phosphorus caused a significant increase in the yield of
leaves and the number of fruits of Datura, that treatment 50 kg P ha-1
gave the highest averages of the yield of leaves and number of fruits reached
945.76 kg ha-1, 26.02 fruit Plant-1, respectively. In
contrast, the non-fertilization treatment gave the lowest averages (671.09 kg
ha-1 and 16.83 fruit plant-1). In comparison, the table
results showed no significant effect of phosphorus treatments on the weight of
1000 grains. As shown in Table that, spraying Nano-magnesium caused a
significant increase in the yield of leaves and the number of fruits of Datura,
and the treatment 180 mg Mg L-1 gave the highest yield of leaves
(886.59 kg ha-1) and the number of fruits (26.56 fruits plant-1),
while the control treatment gave the lowest averages (815.21 kg ha-1
and 19.21 fruits plant-1) respectively. The results of Table showed
a significant interaction between phosphorus and nano-magnesium spray in the
yield of Datura leaves; the interaction of 180 mg Mg L-1 with 50 and
75 kg h-1 gave the highest yield of leaves (1015.24 and 1088.66 kg h-1)
respectively and for the number of fruits (33.44 and 33.43 fruits plant-1)
respectively, while the four treatments of phosphorus and magnesium interacting
with the non-fertilization treatment gave the lowest averages of leaf yield and
the number of Datura fruits.
*: It means that there are significant differences at the level of
probability 0.05.
N.S: It means that there are no significant differences at the level of
probability 0.05.
a, b, c, d,e, f: Similar letters mean no significant differences, but
different letters mean significant differences.
Table 2. Effect of phosphorous and nano-magnesium spray on some
productive traits of Datura
The results
of Table 3 showed that phosphorus caused a significant increase in the total
seed yield and alkaloids in leaves and alkaloids in seeds, treatment 50 kg P ha-1
gave the highest seed yield (501.36 kg ha-1) and for alkaloids in
leaves (13.16%) and alkaloids in seeds (13.18%) respectively, while the
non-fertilization treatment gave the lowest averages (320.29 kg h-1,
4.36% and 5.37%). As shown, spraying Nano-magnesium caused a significant
increase in the total seed yield and alkaloids in leaves and seeds; the
treatment 180 mg Mg L-1 recorded the highest seed yield (486.17 kg h-1)
and alkaloids in leaves (14.86%) and in seeds (15.10 %). In contrast, the
distilled water spray treatment recorded the lowest averages (395.49 kg h-1,
5.43% and 5.83%). The results of Table 3 showed a significant interaction
between phosphorus and Nano-magnesium spray in the total seed yield, recorded
180 mg Mg L-1 interacting with 50 and 75 kg P h-1, the
highest total seed yield of Datura plant (599.81 and 600.88 kg h-1)
respectively, and for alkaloids in leaves (20.83% and 20.86%) respectively, and
for alkaloids of roots (20.86% and 20.87%) respectively, While the control
treatment for magnesium interacting with no phosphorous fertilization less than
averages.
*: It means that there are significant differences at the level of
probability 0.05.
N.S: It means that there are no significant differences at the level of
probability 0.05.
a, b, c, d: Similar letters mean no significant differences and
different letters mean significant differences.
Table 3. Effect of phosphorous and nano-magnesium spray on seed yield
and percentage of alkaloids in leaves and seeds of Datura.
DISCUSSION
The
function of phosphorus in stimulating cell division may be related to the
function of phosphorus in increasing the height, number of branches, and number
of leaves of the Datura plant when phosphorous levels increase12, 13.
Phosphorus contributes to forming energy components (ATP, CTP, and GTP) and
synthesizing nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, and enzymatic chaperones. Amine
derivatives affect the synthesis of gibberellic acid and cause plants to become
more robust and grow to a bigger height14. Amine derivatives boost
cellular activity and help to maintain normal hormone levels. Phosphorus does
more than just fortify the plant's root structure; it also helps the plant create
cytokinins, increasing the potential number of cells that may be produced15.
Phosphorus is essential for healthy plant growth. Breaking the domination
apical will result in the growth of cell membranes, the transport of sugar, and
the expansion of leaves16. This will also result in the production
of lateral buds and extra branches. Increasing the availability of magnesium
pectate, which co-exists with calcium pectate in sticking cellulose fibers when
building cell walls, and thus increasing the process of cell division, which
works to increase the number of leaves17, is attributed to the role
that nano-magnesium plays in increasing the availability of magnesium pectate.
This is in addition to the entry of magnesium into the chlorophyll molecule,
which increases the amount of magnesium in the chlorophyll molecule. It is
possible to trace the rise in leaf yield to the increase in phosphorus absorbed
during the early stages of plant growth. This led to the increase in the number
of leaves and the number of leaves that the plant produced. Branches, leaf
area, and chlorophyll concentration, which increased the amount of metabolism necessary
in increasing flower buds and stimulating them to form fruits18, in
addition to the role of indirect phosphorus in the absorption of nitrogen and
potassium through the development of the root system, which increases
vegetative growth4. Branches, leaf area, and chlorophyll
concentration all increased the metabolism necessary to increase flower buds
and stimulate them to form fruits3. The availability of phosphorus
led to an increase in the plant's overall growth, in addition to its
contribution to the formation of nucleic acids and some energy compounds; this increased
the number of branches and the number of fruits, which then increased the
number of seeds. The significance of phosphorus in the plant's metabolic
activities is demonstrated by the fact that its availability led to an increase
in the plant's overall growth. It is possible to attribute the increase in leaf
yield and the number of Datura fruits that occurred after spraying with Nanomagnesium
to the role that magnesium played in increasing the number of leaves, branches,
and leaf area. This role was positively reflected in the increase in the yield
of leaves, and its role in improving the photosynthesis process was also a
contributing factor. Extending the surface area of the leaves increases the
quantity of photosynthetic products accumulated, which is necessary for the development
of flower buds and leads to an increase in the total number of fruits produced.
The increase in phosphorous levels caused a significant increase in the whole
seed yield, and the percentage of alkaloids in seeds and leaves can be
attributed to the role of phosphorus. Phosphorus also plays a role in creating
amino acids by helping to make enzymes, which are required for some of the most
critical steps in producing amino acids. That spraying Nano-magnesium caused a
significant increase in the total seed yield as well as an increase in the number
of alkaloids found in the leaves and seeds, and that this moral superiority is
due to the rise in the content of chlorophyll leaves and then raising the
efficiency of carbon representation, which caused an increase in primary and
secondary metabolic products including alkaloids19. In addition, magnesium's
effect in elevating the proportion of alkaloids present in the plant's leaves
led to an increase in the compound's accumulation in the seeds20.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study enable us to conclude
that phosphorus and magnesium increase the yield of the leaves, which is an
essential part of the plant since the Datura leaf contains the active compounds
involved in the pharmaceutical industry. It is noted that phosphorus and
magnesium increase the yield of leaves, seeds, and active substances. This is
what makes us recommend spraying nano-magnesium and treating it with
phosphorous fertilizer to workers in the field of medicinal plants to increase
the production of alkaloids from the Datura plant. It was also discovered that
excessive amounts of phosphorous and nano-magnesium may not be advantageous to
the plant; consequently, we advise adding these elements at moderate levels to
prevent increasing their concentrations within the plant, which would
ultimately cause the plant to suffer from damage.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the Department of Field Crops, Agriculture
College, Kerbala University, for providing us with datura seeds.
Author
Contributions: All authors made substantial contributions to
the conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation
of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for
important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave
final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for
all aspects of the work. All the authors are eligible to be an authors per the
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
requirements/guidelines.
Conflicts
Of Interest: The authors report no financial or other
conflicts of interest in this work..
REFERENCES
1. Al Taweel, S. K. ; H. A. Almrani and T.
Kh. Al- Rawi. Inducation And Flow Cytometry, Gc-Ms Identification Of
Tetraploids Throuch Colchicines Treatment In Datura Stramonium L. Plant
Archives.2019. 19 (1) : 241- 250
2. Soni, P., A. A. Siddiqui, J. Dwivedi and V.
Soni, V. Pharmacological Properties Of Datura stramonium L. As A
Potential Medicinal Tree: An Overview. Asian Pacific journal of tropical
biomedicine,2012. 2(12), 1002-1008.
3. H. Muhammed, S., Y. Mohamed, R.
Investigation And Molecular Identification Of Cucumber Damping-Off Fungi Under
Greenhouse Condition. Anbar Journal Of Agricultural Sciences, 2023; 21(1):
19-31. doi: 10.32649/ajas.2023.179712.
4. Mohammed, H. A and M.A. Al-Naqeeb .
Response Of Datura Plant Grown On Different Spacing To Mineral, Organic And
Nano-Fertilizers. Plant Archives,2020. 20(1), 2753-2761.
5. Bozhinova, R. Heavy Metal
Concentrations In Soil And Tobacco Plants Following Long-Term Phosphorus
Fertilization. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science,2016. 22(1),
16-20.
6. Gokul, D., P. Poonkodi and A. Angayarkanni, Effect Of Inorganic Fertilizers, Organic Manures,
Biofertilizers And Magnesium Sulfate On Yield Attributes, Yield And Quality Of
Chilli. Int. J. Anal. Exp. Modal Anal,2021. 13, 779-783
7.
Kınay, A. and H. Erdem. The Effect of Increasing Doses of Magnesium Sulphate
Applications on Leaf Yield and Quality of Tobacco Plant. Turkish Journal of
Agriculture-Food Science and Technology,2021. 9(3), 601-606.
8. Jin, S.,
J. Liu, Y. Jia, T. Han, X. Zhao, C. Sun and L. Na. The Association of Dietary
Flavonoids, Magnesium and Their Interactions with The Metabolic Syndrome in
Chinese Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. British Journal of Nutrition,2021.
126(6), 892-902.
9. Ilyas, M., M. Ahmad, Z. Hussain, A.
Saeed, F. Begum, M.I. Khan, S. Shah, S. Interactive Effect of Calcium and
Magnesium on The Growth and Yield of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum
L.). Pure and Applied Biology (PAB),2021, 5(4), 876-882.
10. Elkhateeb,
S. Z.; Ebraheem, M. O.; Abdulateef, S. M.; Ahmed, I. A. Constraints Affecting
the Welfare of Domestic Sheep Grazing in the Natural Pasture. IOP Conf Ser
Earth Environ Sci 2023, 1252 (1), 12144. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1252/1/012144.
11.
Ijarotimi, O. S., T. N. Fagbemi and O. F. Osundahunsi . Comparative Study of
Nutritional Profiles and Phytochemical Components of Raw, Blanched and
Fermented Flour From The Leaves Of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Malays . J.
Nutr.2013, 19 (3) : 371 – 382 .
12. Ameen M. Shaman , Th. T. Mohammed.
Effect Using Feed Additives Instead of Imported Premixes Affects the Physiology
of Broiler Chickens. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science.2023, 1262, 072080. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/7/0720800
13. Izadi, Z., A. Biabani, H. Sabouri
and B. Bahreininejad. The Effect of Different Levels of Urea and Planting
Density on The Phytochemical Traits, Alkaloids, And Yield Of The Medicinal
Plant Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.). Crop Science.2022, 62(3), 1264-1276.
14. A A Al-Azzami , Th T Mohammed . The
Effect of Adding Lemongrass Leaf Powder (Cymbopogon Citratus) to the Diet as a
Natural Supplement on Some Productive Traits and Oxidation Indicators in
Broiler (Ross 308). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science.2023, 1252 (1),012123. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1252/1/012123.
15. Al-Fadhal FA, AL-Abedy AN, Alkhafije
DA. Isolation and molecular identification of Rhizoctonia solani
and Fusarium solani isolated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus
L.) and their control feasibility by Pseudomonas fluorescens and
Bacillus subtilis. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 2019
Dec;29:1-1.
16.
Sahib, A. A.; Hussein, K. O.; Hameed, D. M. .; Salih, E.; Kareem, H. . Diffuse
Anxiety Syndrome In Those With Stomach Ulcers In Samawa City's. JLSAR 2022, 3,
6-11.
17. A A Al-Azzami , Th T Mohammed . Effect
of Adding Dry Leaves of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) To the Diet on Some
Biochemical Tests of Blood in Broiler (Ross 308). IOP Conference Series: Earth
and Environmental Science.2023, 1252(1) ,012125. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1252/1/012125.
18. Al-Abedy AN, Kadhim JH, Abdalmoohsin RG,
Al-Taey DK. Genetic diversity of tomato yellow leaf curl virus isolates and the
effect of virus on the hormones content of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
plants. research on Crops. 2021;22(2):347-55.
19. Kuganathan, N. and S. Ganeshalingam.
Chemical analysis of Datura metal leaves and investigation of the acute
toxicity on grasshoppers and red ants. E-Journal of Chemistry,2011. 8(1),
107-112.
20. Alaaraji, S.F.T., Mohisen, M.A., Awad, M.M. Assessment
serum levels of neopterin, IL-6, IL-1β, hs-CRP, TNF-α and MMP 9 in Iraqi
rheumatoid arthritis patients (2020) Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (12),
pp. 88-93.
Received:
26 September 2022 / Accepted: 15 April 2023 / Published:15 December 2023
Citation: Al-Tamimi, S.; Farhood, A. The effect of phosphorus fertilizer and nano-magnesium spray on the vegetative and reproductive of Datura stramonium L. Revis Bionatura 2023;8 (4) 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/2023.08.04.66
Publisher's Note: Bionatura stays neutral concerning jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations.
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Submitted for possible open-access publication
under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).