University of Karbala
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1 Comparative
Chemical Study For Species Of The Eryngium genus
Huda
Adnan1*, Aboothar Ha. Al-Edhari2
Department of Ecology ,Faculty of Science
,University of Kufa ,Iraq . ORCID
Department of Ecology ,Faculty of Science
,University of Kufa ,Iraq.
0000-0003-4880-6444
Correspondence:
[email protected];: Tel.: 07836071062
Abstract:
Five species of Eryngium L. (Apiaceae) native to Iraq-Eryngium
glomeratumLam,Eryngium creticum Lam, Eryngium thyrosoideum Boiss, Eryngium
billardieri Lam., and L. Eryngium campestre—are the focus of this comparative
chemical taxonomy.Chemical analysis revealed that the five species within the
genus could be distinguished by their unique chemical signatures thanks to the
application of the GC Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) technique to their secondary
metabolic components. Species shared certain molecules but had distinct
chemical make-ups in others.The chemical properties of the species in the genus
were used to calculate Euclidean genetic distance values; the highest value was
found to be 5.1962 between E.creticum and E.billardieri and the pair with the
smallest value of Euclidean distance (3.70) was E. campestre and E.
billardieri. The clustering analysis was displayed in the phylogenetic tree.
The species can be classified into three broad categories along a single
Euclidean axis, as indicated by chemical evidence that corroborated the result
of Principal Component Analysis (4.9). (PCA). The studies also demonstrated the
ability to differentiate and identify evolutionary links across species by
showing the independence of species in specific isolated chemicals.
Keywords:
The Eryngium; genus; Chemical taxonomic; Lam Eryngium,
2 The performance of moringa leaf extract application and
bagging the bunches to improve fruits quality of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera
L.) cv. Al-Khadrawi and Al-Buraim
MohammedAbdulrahman1,
ManarAlwan2,KadumAbdullah1*
Horticulture and landscape Department, College
of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq ;
[email protected] . https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-8189 1
2Department Horticulture and landscape,
College of Agriculture Al-Qasim Green University;e [email protected].
ORCID
Horticulture and landscape Department, College
of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq ;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9619-5899
Correspondence:
[email protected].; Tel.: 0771 723 8167
Abstract:
The study was conducted at Fadak farm of the Husseiniya shrine/ Karbala
governorate during growth season 2021 with the aim of testing the role of
application with Moringa leaf extract and the paperbagging of the bunches in
improving some qualitative characteristics of the fruits of two palm cultivars,
Al-Khadrawi and Al-Buraim. The bunches were sprayed with three concentrations
of moringa leaf extract (0, 100, 200 ml. L-1) for three times after 7, 10, 13
weeks of pollination and then bagging the bunches after each application
process according to the schedule and plan of the experiment. The obtained
results indicated that application with moringa extract and bagging increased
the proportion of total dissolved solids (TSS), total sugars and reducing
sugars, and decreased the total acidity neutralizing, sucrose, and tannins.
Al-Khadrawi cultivar was superior in most of the studied traits.
The
study's findings suggest that natural plant extracts (such as Moringa leaf
extract) can be utilized as organic amendments or fertilizer additives in
conjunction with particular farming practices to enhance the quality of the
fruits of some varieties of date palm.
KeywordsTSS,
natural extract, Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae, Moringaoleifera
3 The effect of the source of the plant partand plant
growth regulator,s on the establishment and multiplicationof vegetative
branches of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in vitro.
Al-Hasan
Nasseralla 1*, Sarab Almukhtar 2
college of Agriculture, department
ofHorticulture and landscape, Universit of Kerbala – Iraq,
ORCID0000-0003-1996-7759
Affiliation
2; college of Agriculture, department ofHorticulture and landscape, Universit
of Kerbala - Iraq .,[email protected] //orcid.org/0000-0003-0470-7057
Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: 009647706054733
Abstract:
This search was carried out in laboratory of plant tissue culture- College of
Agriculture - University of Kerbala for the period from 2021 to 2022. The study
included the use of in vitro technology in the use of plant parts and different
combinations in the emergence and multiplication of farms vegetative branches
of rosemary, the study was carried out in two stages after performing the sterilization
process: the first included the emergence of vegetative farms by planting the
growing tops and side nodes on the MS nutrient medium with different
concentrations (0 , 1, 2, 3 mg.L-1) BA, and the second stage was carried out by
cultivating the growths resulting from the nodes grown in the previous stage on
the (MS) media, that was prepared with various concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3
mg.L-1) BA and ( 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4mg.L-)1 NAA, The results of the study showed
the superiority of the apical, as it achieved a response rate of 57.5% compared
to the lateral shoots, which recorded a response rate of 37.5%, and the con. of
1 mg.l-1 BA was superior and achieved a response rate of 80% comparison with
the neutral treat that achieve a response rate It reached 15%, and the results
showed that the same concentration of benzyl adenine at a concentration of 2
mg.l-1 achieved of higheraverage in the number and length of branches (4.74
branches.plantlet-1, 4.12 cm), while the concentration achieved 3 mg.l- 1 of it
had the higherrate of leaves number and the Fresh and Dry weight of the
branches (15.24 leaves.plantlet-1, 2986 mg and 1823 mg), respectively,
comparison with the neutral treat that achieved the lowera average, and the
concentration 0.2 mg.L1 NAA exceeded in achieving The highest average number of
branches, leaves, fresh &dry weight of branches was (4.16
branches.plantlet-1 and 14.21 leaves.plantlet-1, 2606 mg and 1594 mg)
respectively, while the concentration exceeded 0.4 mg.L-1 NAA in achieving the
highest rate The length of the branches reached 3.74 cm.All experiments were
carried out using CRD (completely randomized design).
Keywords:
explants type; plant growth regulators; micropropagation;rosemary;tissue
culture.
4 Effect of humic and fulvic acid treatment on the
anatomical traits of the leaves of two genera of seedlings of ornamental palm
Washingtonia filifera and Phoenix canariensis
Wasen
Fawzi Alpresem1,*, Mohammad AbdulameerAlnajjar2 and Rasul Ibrahim Ahmed3
Unit
of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah,
Basrah, [email protected]. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4981-6716
Department
of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, University of
Basrah, Basrah, [email protected]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6600-451X
3Department
of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, University of
Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
*Correspondence:
[email protected],Tel. 009647833272744
Abstract:
This study was conducted in the growing season of 2021 at the Agricultural
Research FacilityStation, University of Basrah. Start with seedlings of two
genera of ornamental palm trees: Washingtonia filifera and Phoenix canariensis.
were given dosages of humic acid as treatment (0, 10, and 15 ml.L-1). and
fulvic acid by ground addition at concentrations of (0, 5, and 10 g.L-1). The
findings revealed that humic acids significantly impacted the anatomical traits
and caused the improvement of those traits, the Humic acid content of (15
ml.L-1) caused an increase in the thickness of epidermal cells, the length of
columnar cells, the diameter of large and small vascular bundles, and the
diameter of the fibrous bundles, which amounted to (11.74, 17.47, 149.4, 110,and
49.6)µm respectively. Additionally, a level of fulvic acid (10 g.L-1)caused a
similar increase in those anatomical traits. The qualities under study were
significantly impacted by the triple interaction. The interaction between the
Washington type, the (15 ml.L-1) of humic acid, and the (10 g.L-1) of fulvic
acidprovided the highest values. for the anatomical traits, the thickness of
epidermal cells, length of Columnar epithelial cells, the diameter of large and
small vascular bundles, and diameter of large and small vascular bundles. and
the diameter of the fibrous bundlesreached (13.34, 21.32, 238.5, 18.31, and
71.6) µm sequentially. Washingtonia palm was significantly higher than the
canary palm, and the highest values for epidermal cell thickness, columnar cell
length, large and small vascular bundle diameter, and fibrous bundle diameter
were (11.20, 16.46, 133.5, 94.8, and 44.8) µm, respectively.
Keywords:
ornamental trees; humic substances;leaves; anatomical; fulvic acid; seedling
5 The effect of spraying with amino acids and iron on some
characteristics of vegetative and flowering growth of petunia
Mushtaq
T. AL-Zurfi 1 , Karim M. Bhiah 2, Jamal
A. Abbass 3 , Ahmed I. Mohammed 4, and
Amani G. Abboud 5.
Faculty
of Agriculture, Horticulture and land scape department, University of Kufa-
Iraq
Faculty of Agriculture, Soil and water
department, University of Kufa- Iraq
1//orcid.org/0000-0001-5721-125
[email protected]:07804496022
Abstract:
A pot experiment was conducted during 2019-2020 season at the temporary place
of Faculty of Agriculture / University of Kufa/Najaf city/ Iraq, to estimate
the response growth and flowering of petunia hybrid to Spraying amino acids and
Iron. The concentration of aminoacid was 0, 3, and 6 ml.l-1and three
concentrations of iron were 0, 15 and 30 mg.l-1.It is clearly that the interaction between amino
acid {6 ml.l-1}and iron {15mg.l-1}produce an increase in ,vegetative and
flowering characters, number of leaves
and branches, length of flowering
branches, Number of flowers, Flower diameter, The age of the flower in the
plant & the flower content of carotene pigment increased remarkably, while amino acid {6 ml.l-1} and
iron {30 mg.l-1} have significant effect
on leaf chlorophyll content, and total soluble carbohydrates.
Keywords:
Petunia plant; amino acids; Iron; Auxins; growth; flowering
6 The Effect of Organic Fertilization and Jasmonic Acid on
the Morphological, Quantitative, and Chemical Parameters of Okra (Abelmoschus
esculentus L.) variety Hussainawiya
Hayder
S. Jaafar1, Nazar A. Al-Ibraheemi2,* and Aseel A .Ghali3
Horticulture Department/ Agriculture Collage/
University of Kufa,[email protected]
Al-Najaf Agriculture Directorate/ Ministry of
Agriculture
Horticulture Department/ Agriculture Collage/
University of Kufa,[email protected]
Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: (009647815062035)
Abstract:
A study was conducted in a field belonging to the Najaf Agriculture
directorate/Najaf/Iraq during the spring growing season of 2021. The study
aimed to analyze the response of okra variety Hussainiya for two factors. The
first studied factor was three levels of DPW (decomposed palm waste) including
0, 16, and 32 tonha-1, while the second factor was three levels of a foliar
application of Jasmonic acid including 0, 15, and 30 mgL-1.Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD) was used modeling the factorial experiment with three
replications, and the Least Significant Differences (LSD) was selected to
compare the means at the probability level of 0.05. The results showed the
significant superiority of organic fertilization treatment of DPW at the level
of 32 ton ha-1 compared with control treatments in the studied parameters recording
the highest value of the plant height, total number of leaves, total leaf area,
dry weight of the vegetative system, number of fruits per plant, the yield of
one plant, total yield, the percentage of nitrogen in leaves, the total
chlorophyll percentage, and the total soluble carbohydrates in fruits. The
foliar application of 30 mg.L-1 Jasmonic acid gave significantly the highest
value of the above indicators compared with control treatments. The interaction
between the application of 32 tons.ha-1 DPW and 30 mg L-1 Jasmonic acids showed
significant superiority over other treatments in all studied indicators. These
indicators were plant height 131.66 cm, total number of leaves 42.55 leaves
plant-1, total leaf area 1.66 m2plant-1, dry weight of the vegetative system
95.48 g plant-1, fruits number 77.15 fruit plant-1, yield of one plant 884.75 g
plant-1, total yield 56.17 tons.ha-1, nitrogen in leaves 2.262%, total
chlorophyll in leaves 80.91 mg.100 g-1FW, and carbohydrates in fruits 20.33%.
While the interaction between
non-fertilized plants sprayed with water only recorded significantly the
lowest value of these indicators, which scored 77.10 cm, 20.36 leaf plant-1,
0.59 m2plant-1, 54.11 g plant-1, 47.23 fruit plant-1, 237.42 g plant-1, 15.07
ton ha-1, 1.351%, 47.45 mg.100 g-1 fresh weight, and 6.77% respectively.
Keywords:
Abelmoschus plant, decomposed palm waste, Jasmonic acid, okra, Organic
fertilizer, yield indicators
7 Effect of foliar application with PRO-SOL and humic acid
on some growth and chemical characteristics of sour orange (Citrus
aurantium)seedlings.
Farqad
Al Dabbagh1*, Loai Hamzah2
Ministry
of Agriculture, plant protection office.ORCID. 0000-0002-5625-1322.
Agriculture College/ AL- Qasim Green
University; [email protected].
ORCID.0000-0001-6381-3306.
*Correspondence:
[email protected];Tel.:009647723809066
Abstract:
This study was carried out on six months old sour orange (Citrus aurantium)
seedlings in the lath house/ Agriculture College/AL-Qasim Green University in
Babylon province, Iraq from March 2020 to October 2020 with aim of
investigating the impact of spraying PRO-SOL fertilizer (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5)
gm.L-1 and Humic acid (HA) (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0) gm.L-1 independently or in
combination on the vegetative and chemical characteristics of sour orange
seedlings. In 2021, a factorial experiment with three replications was
conducted on local sour orange seedlings. The findings indicated that spraying
with PRO-SOL fertilizer at a concentration of (4.5 gm. L-1) and HA (3 gm.L-1)
promoted the seedling growth indices(the height of the plant, diameter of stem,
number of leaves, and area of leaf), chemical parameters (chlorophyll and carbohydrate
percent) also the leaf mineral content of N, P, and K.
Keywords:
PRO-SOL; HA; Foliar spray; Citrus aurantiums eedling; lathhouse; Organic
fertilizer
8 Effect of Foliar Application of Alhagi maurorum Extract
on Foeniculum vulgare Growth
Wurood
Hantoosh Neamah1* and Fatima Ali Hasan1
Agriculture
College / University of Basrah.ORCID0000-0002-6147-8927
Agriculture
College / University of
Basrah:[email protected]
Correspondence:[email protected],Tel.:(+96)407829865272;
Abstract:
Among medicinal plants used by human, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is highly
important due to its flavor and health benefits. A clean and healthy
environment requires applying sustainable methods to reduce soil, water, and
air pollution. Camel thorn (Alhagi
maurorum) is a desert plant, distributed widely in Iraq. This experiment was
conducted to investigate the effect of A. maurorumextract spraying on
vegetative, floral, and seeds number of F. vulgare. 0, 1.5 and 3 g L-1
concentrations of shoot & root extracts of A. maurorumwere utilized as a
foliar application on F. vulgare.A significant increase in studied
characteristics of F. vulgarewas obtained under extract treatments. Spray with
3 and 1.5 g L-1 of shoot & root extracts respectively obtained the highest
number of seeds per plant. The results of present study exhibited a potential
to use A. maurorum as a natural fertilizer.
Keywords:
Foeniculum vulgare, Alhagi maurorum, foliar application, natural fertilizer,
flavonoids, essential oil
9 Effect of foliar spraying with Nano-NPK fertilizer in
some growth characteristics and chemical content of some citrus rootstocks
Harith
Al-Tamimi1,* Sabreen Lateef 2, and Ola
Mahmood
Department
of Horticulture & Landscape, faculty of Agriculture / University of Kerbala
/ Iraq. 1-7265-9988
Department of Horticulture & Landscape,
faculty of Agriculture / University of Kerbala / Iraq.3-0163-2758
Department of Horticulture & Landscape,
faculty of Agriculture / University of Kerbala / Iraq.1-6879-233x
*Correspondence;
[email protected]. Tel. 07731872017.
Abstract:
This study was conducted in a lath house, Department of Horticulture and
Landscape, College of Agriculture, Kerbala University, during 2021 growing
season to investigate the influence of foliar spraying with Nno-NPK to improve
the vegetative & root growth & nutritional content of seedlings of
citrus rootstocks, Rangpur and Cleopatra mandarin. A factorial experiment was
carried out according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D), where
the first factor was a citrus rootstock (Rangpur and Cleopatra mandarin). while
the second factor was spraying with Nano NPK grafting with four concentrations
(0- 0.5- 1 & 1.5 ml. l-1).
Results
can be summed up as follows:
The
citrus root Rangpur was significantly superior to Cleopatra's mandarin in most
growth traits (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, dry weight of
shoot, root length, leaf content of chlorophyll, percentage of carbohydrates, N
and K), while the rootstock Cleopatra mandarin recorded a significant increase
For the average leaf area and the percentage of(P) in the leaves.
The
superiority of Nano NPK Fertilizer with a Concentration of {1.5 mg. l-1} by
recording a significant Increase in plant height & Stem diameter&Number
of leaves&Leaf area&Dry weight of Shoot and root, root length, leaf
content of chlorophyll, percentage of carbohydrates, N, and P), while the
concentration1 mg.l-1 gavethe highest proportionof (K) in the leaves
The
dual interaction treatment (Rangipur root + 1.5 ml. L-1Nano NPK fertilizer) was
superior by giving the highest rate in most of the vegetative and root
characteristics and the chemical content of the leaves. While the dual
interaction treatment (Cleopatra mandarin + 1.5 ml. L-1nano NPK fertilizer) was
superior by giving the highest rate in the characteristics of Leaf area; dry
weight of the root system & the percentage of (P) in leaves compared to
other treatments.
Keywords:
Foliar spraying; Nano NPK; Rootstocks; root system; Leaf area; Fertilizer.
10 Evaluation of the Drinking water in some Hospitals in
Baghdad
Yaaroub
Faleh Khalef Al Fatlawy1, Faiza Kadhim2 and Beadaa Abdalqader Mahdii 3, *
[email protected]
ORCID
Correspondence:
[email protected] .Tel.07810800062(.College of Science, University of
Baghdad, Department of Biological. Iraq)
Abstract:
Due to the significance of hospital drinking water, a study was done to assess
the water in three hospitals in Baghdad (Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Ibn Sina
Hospital, and Ibn-Al-Nafis Hospital) for its nature and quality, compare it to
other hospitals in terms of its physical, chemical, and bacterial
specifications, and compare it to international standards. According to Iraqi
standards from 2009 and WHO standards from 2011, Chemical factors were measured
which included, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Calcium Ion (Ca+2)
reported readings are all within acceptable ranges for drinking water. In
contrast, turbidity, total hardness (T.H), chlorides (Cl-), magnesium (Mg+2),
the number of aerobic plates (APC), total coliform (T.C), faecal coliform
(F.C), and faecal streptococcus (F.S) which maximum values were (8.7 NTU, 690
mgl-1, 510 mgl-1, 231.1 mg/l, 38 cfu/ml, 20 cfu /100ml, 16 cfu /100ml, and 16
cfu /100ml) respectively. These values were higher than the permissible level
recommended by the Iraqi standard (2009) and WHO standard (2011) for drinking
water for all months and some months.
Keywords:
Drinking, Water, Hospitals, Baghdad
11 Evaluation of the quality of potable water in Al-Rusafa
side, Baghdad, Iraq
Ahmed
Aldhamin*
College
of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. E- mail:
[email protected] 0000-0002-1025-2266
[email protected];
Tel.: (07729368989)
Abstract:
1)Background: Safe drinking water is essential for the present and future
generations' health. This study aims to assess drinking water quality in
Baghdad's Al-Rusafa neighbourhood. 2)Method: Water samples were taken from 32
different neighbourhoods on this side. The quality of the examined potable
water samples differed depending on the water source. The pH, chlorine, EC,
TDS, TSS, Cd, and Pb levels in this investigation were all below acceptable
ranges. 3)Results: TDS levels in Al-Mada'in are more significant than
acceptable (>600ppm) water levels. Bacteria have polluted six communities
(Shigella, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella). 4)Conclusion:
Bacterial quality of drinking water and gram-negative bacteria resistant to
chlorine in Baghdad's municipal water supply. In terms of pH, the water
quality, EC, TDS, TSS, Pb, and Cd of Al-Rusafa neighbourhoods were within the
recommended limits of WHO and the Iraqi drinking water standards.
Keywords:
Safe drinking water; contaminated bacteria; Baghdad city; healthcare; pH ;
Temperature
12 Evaluation of the growth efficiency of some citrus
rootstocks for spraying melatonin growth regulator under salt stress conditions
Muntadher
Al-Mousawi 1,*and Harith Al-Tamimi1
Division
of Horticulture and Land scape /College of Agriculture/University of
Karbala1-7265-9989
Department of Horticulture and Land
scape/College of Agriculture/University of Karbala1-7265-9988
Correspondence
[email protected]; Tel.: +964771490387
Abstract:
: This research was conducted determine the impact of spraying the increase
regulator melatonin on the tolerance of some citrus roots to salt stress. The
results showed that Sour Orange root was significantly superior to the rest of
the citrus rootstocks, and recorded the highest increase in the rate (Height,
diameter, quantity, and area of leaves for the plant), while the root Volkamer
lemon was significantly the best by recording the highest rate of arid mass of
the root system and plant life. Furthermore, irrigation with electrical
connection water (1.7 dsec.m-1) led to obtaining the highest values for
vegetative plant girth growth characteristics (plant girth, stem diameter,
number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of the vegetative and root system and
root length). Moreover, treatment with the growth regulator melatonin at a
concentration of (100 mg.L-1) showed greatest percentage in the trait (plant
height, diameter of the stem, number of leaves, size of the leaves, and dry
weight of the vegetative both root system and root length). As well as, the
binary and triple interactions between these study factors led to a clear
significant superiority in the studied traits compared to the comparison
treatment, as the triple interaction treatment (Sour Orange root + melatonin at
100 mg.l-1 as the concentration+ salinity of irrigation water at a
concentration of 1.7 decimens.m-1) was the most significant treatment by giving
the highest increase in the rate of vegetative characteristics. Finally, the
treatment (rootstocks Volkamer lemon + melatonin at 100 mg.l-1 as the
concentration + salinity of irrigation water at a concentration of 1.7 dm. m-1)
recorded the highest rate of length and weight of the root when it is dry
system.
Keywords
melatonin; rootstocks; salinity; soils; irrigation; agricultural
production.
13 Laboratory determination of spray characteristics using a
full hollow cone nozzle at different heights and operating pressures
Athraa
K. Hussain1 and Majid H. Alheidary1,*
Department
of Agricultural Machines and Equipment, College of Agriculture, University of
Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; [email protected].
Department
of Agricultural Machines and Equipment, College of Agriculture, University of
Basrah, Basrah, Iraq; [email protected].
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-1564
Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +9647733873816
Abstract:
Reducing pesticide costs and losses during the spraying to the environment is
considered an essential issue for obtaining the effectiveness of pest control.
The objective of this study was to determine the spray characteristics using a
full hollow cone nozzle at different spray conditions. Three spray heights 25,
50, and 75cm and three pressures, 2, 3, and 5 bar, were used. Nozzle flow rate,
application rate, spray width, angle, and accumulated volume was measured. The results
showed affecting on spray characteristics due to the change in spray
conditions. The nozzle flow rate increased with the increase in pressure, where
the average flow rate ranges between (0.34 to 0.58 l/min) for between 2 and 5
bars, respectively. Results also illustrated an increase in height from 25 to
75 cm, and pressure from 2 to 5bar led to an increase in volume rate, spray
width, angle, and accumulated volume (285.6 to 474.92), (50 to 100cm), (41 to
90º), and (37.75 to 198ml) respectively.
Keywords:
Operating Conditions, Patternator, Nozzle, Spray Indicators
14 First report of Alternaria alternata associated with spot
blotch of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Iraq
Itlal
AlMasoodi 1, Zainab Hameed1 and Adnan Lahuf 2,*
Department
of Field Crops, Agriculture College, University of Kerbala, Al-Hussainiya,
Karbala, Iraq; [email protected]. [email protected]
0000-0003-4891-8331
Department
of Plant Protection, Agriculture College, University of Kerbala, Al-Hussainiya,
Karbala, Iraq; [email protected]. 0000-0001-7218-2905
Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: (008647810541064)
Abstract:
A field survey was carried out during barley growing season of 2019 in Karbala
Province of Iraq. Barley plants that showed severe leaf spot symptoms were
collected from several barley fields. The associated fungus was isolated and
purified from those symptomatic leaves. The fungus colonies were aeriform
mycelia in grey to black colour. Conidia observed were light to dark brown in
colour and formed different length chains. The causal agent was confirmed as
Altenaria alternata via the PCR amplification and sequencing of the rDNA-ITS
region, actA, and tef1 genes. Pathogenicity test showed that A. alternata
isolated was pathogenic by producing light to dark brown spots on barley
foliage. Best of the knowledge, this is the first record of this pathogen
causing Alternaria spot blotch on barley crops in Iraq.
Keywords:
Alternaria alternata; leaf spot; Hordeum vulgare; Pathogenicity assessment;
Phylogeny analysis.
15 Efficiency and Economic Feasibility of using neonicotinoids
against Flat-headed borer Chrysobothris affinis (Fabricius, 1794) (Buprestidae:
Coleoptera) infesting Jujube orchards in Basra Province, Iraq
Mohammed
M. Alderawii 1, and Aqeel Alyousuf 1,*
1
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah,
Iraq 1; [email protected] .
Department
of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq 2;
[email protected]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7352-0168
Correspondence:
[email protected];
Abstract:
A field study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and economic feasibility
of using three Neonicotinoids to control Flat-headed borers infesting Jujube
orchards in Basra Province during 2020 and 2021. The insecticides tested were
Acetamiprid, Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam, with recommended field application
rates. This study showed that Acetamiprid, Imidacloprid provided the best
protection to jujube trees, which was reflected in the high average efficiency
(88.70 and 93.40%, respectively). Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam enhanced the
production, with an average of 60.10 and 60.00 kg/tree, respectively, compared
to 39.50 kg of the check trees. Thus, the study showed the highest economic
return resulting from controlling the flat-headed borers using Acetamiprid and
Thiamethoxam (5714900 and 5676500 dinars/ dunum, respectively). In contrast,
the economic returns of Imidacloprid were 5082900 Iraqi dinars/ dunum. These
results confirmed that the high economic feasibility was related to the
efficacy of the low-cost insecticides in reducing the fruits infestation rate
and increasing the yield.
Keywords:
Buprestidae, Insecticides, flat-headed borers, Economic visibility,
Neonicotinoids
16 Efficacy of different concentrations of flax seed oil Linum
usitatissimum in controlling green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera:
Aphididae)
Haidar
H. Al-Kallabe 1, Akram A. Mohammed* 2 and Ali A. Kareem3
2
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa,
Najaf, Iraq,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0054-2737
3
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kerbela,
Kerbela,
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0096-8575
Correspondence [email protected]
Abstract:
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is a major insect pest worldwide. The
potential for using Linum usitatissimum flax seed oil to control insects has
been reported. However, no study has been conducted on the efficacy of flax
seed oil against M. persicae. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the
bioactivity of Linum usitatissimum flax seed oil at four concentrations (1.00,
3.00, 5.00, and 10.0 ml / 100 ml water). The highest mortality of adults (100%)
was caused 4 days post-treatment with all tested concentrations.Similarly, the
results demonstrate that foliar application of flax seed oil against all
nymphal stages caused 100% mortality rates at all concentrations four days
after the treatment. The rate of nymph production of aphids significantly
decreased and reached 0.0 nymph per adult after 4 days. The results suggest
that flax seed oil has the potential as a biological control agent of M.
persicae.
Keywords:
botanicals, essential oil, insects, biological control
17 Efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium
anisoplae against Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Der-mestidae)
under laboratory conditions
Battol
Qasem Kteo¹; Akram Ali Mohammed1 and Hanaa H. Al-Saffar2
Plant
Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
Iraq
Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract:
The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium
Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is an important pest of stored wheat worldwide.
In this study, the efficacy of two isolates of M. anisoplae (commercial and
local isolates) were assessed. Different conidial concentrations (1×108, 1×106, 1×104) conidia/ml-1 and fungal
filtrate (100, 75, 50) % of M. anisoplae
were evaluated. In both fungal isolates, corrected mortality of T. granarium
after ex-posure varied according to fungal concentrations were conidial
concentration of conidia/ml-1, and the fungal filtrate at a concentration of
75% caused a highest mortality rates. In addition, morality rates were
significantly varied according to the beetle’s developmental stage. Both
isolates of M. anisoplae caused between 41 and 67.6 % reduction in total
fecundity of the female adults. The results demonstrate that there was no
significant differences between local isolate of M. anisoplae and commercial
formulation (Met 52 EC). Further studies under commercial storage conditions
are required.
Keywords:
Insects storage pests, Biological control, Entomopathogenic fungi
18 Biological, serological and molecular characterization of
Potato virus Y strains isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Dena
Zuheer1, Hameed Ali 2,*
[email protected]
. ORCID
[email protected];
Tel.: +9647740871120
Abstract:
Viral diseases are among the most important determinants of potato production
in many parts of the world, and this is reflected in the importance of
developing early diagnosis methods to detect these diseases in the fields. The
study showed that potato fields in Nineveh Province are infected with several
strains of Potato Y virus , depending on the symptoms of potato or indicator
plants and serological tests. For the first time locally in Nineveh Province
and at the level of Iraq, using a single molecular test and one step, it was
possible to distinguish between the ancient parental strains (PVYº and PVYN),
as well as between the PVYNTNT hybrid strain resulting from recombination
between the genome of the parental strains when using the pairs of primers
N-868-7-F + N -9236-R, which yielded a genome segment of DNA with a length of
441 bp. The emergence of such a new strain in the tested samples in the potato
fields in Nineveh province infected with PVY may have arisen from mixed
infections.
Keywords:
PVY strains; PVYN; Potato; RT-PCR;
Nineveh-IRAQ
19 New Records in Iraq
and Arab Nations for some Fungi Isolated from Al-Barakia wastewater
treatment plant in Al-Najaf Province
Nihad
Mutlag 1, Douaa Hussain 2 and Douaa Hussain 2,*
[email protected] . ORCID
[email protected]. ORCID
Correspondence:
[email protected]
Abstract:
This study was conducted in the year 2020 in the wastewater treatment plant in
Al-Barakia Najaf, where samples were taken in November from the Bioshft unit and
the compact unit from the plant for the purpose of knowing the efficiency of
the plant in treatment. Where the process of isolation and purification was
Microbiology Laboratory_ Ecology and Pollution Department - College of Science
- University of Kufa. As for its diagnosis, it was carried out at the Plant
Virus Laboratory - College of Agriculture - the University of Karbala, and (19)
fungal isolates isolated from wastewater treatment plants were diagnosed..
These isolates were diagnosed using the PCR technique and determination of the
nucleotide sequences of the polymerase chain reaction products that were
amplified from those isolates using ITS4 and ITS1 primers. It belonged to the
fungus A.caespitosus. and isolated A flavus (7,8), T.asperellum (9-11) A.tubingensis
(12), A.terrus(13), A.niger (14,15), A. alternata (16), C.sphaerospermum (17),
A.oryzae (18), Acremonium sp (19), similarity rate of 100% with isolates
registered with the NCBI. The results show that all the isolated fungi
diagnosed in this study are recorded globally, but they are not recorded in
Iraq .and (5) isolates are not recorded in the Arab nation and Iraq, including
A.tubingensis, C.sphaerospermum, A. alternate, A.oryzae while the isolate
Acremonium sp. It is registered only in Germany under the number (AJ557731),
and the similarity rate is 100% with the isolate diagnosed in this study,
according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI.
Keywords:
wastewater, Molecular Identification, fungi, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
DNA sequence analysis
20 Diversity of Butterflies associated with Brassicaceae crops
in Basra, Iraq
Faisal
Nasser Jaber 1, Aqeel Alyousuf 1*, and H. H. Al-Saffar2
Department
of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq 1;
[email protected]
, https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3141-0614
Department
of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq 1;
[email protected]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7352-0168
3
Iraq Natural History Research center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Iraq 2;
Correspondence:
[email protected];
Abstract:
The study aimed to investigate the seasonal presence and characterization of
the group of butterflies (abundance, richness and Biodiversity) in the
agroecosystem of Brassicaceae plants in the province Basra. Two different
ecosystem sites (Karmat Ali at the sedimentary habitat and Al-Zubair region at
the desert habitat) were sampled during the growing season of 2020/2021. A
total of 823 and 507 individuals at Karmat Ali and Al-Zubair sites,
respectively; the specimens consist of 9 species of butterflies belonging to
four families; The most abundant family was Nymphalidae (60%), followed by
Lycainidae (28%), and Pieridae (9%); while Hesperiidae recorded the lowest
relative abundance of 3%. The highest butterfly population was recorded for
Vanessa carudi, while Pieris rapae had the least density. The results showed
differences in abundance, species richness, and Diversity of butterflies at the
sites, the highest values of Diversity and richness were at Karmat Ali,
compared to Al-Zubair region. The study of butterflies abundance and
biodiversity indices indicated that environmental factors and the polyculture
plantations support the butterfly's population in agricultural habitats.
Keywords:
Basra, Biodiversity, Brassicaceae, Butterflies, Shannon index, Richness
21 First record of Fusarium brachygibbosum as causal agent of
seeds decay and damping-off disease on cotton in Iraq and control it using some
bioagents
Aymen
Jasim Mahi 1, Yasir Naser Alhamiri 2,*
[email protected]
. ORCID
Correspondence
[email protected].
Abstract:
The results of the isolation and identification of pathogens accompanying the
symptomatic seeds and seedlings of cotton showed that the most common fungus
was Fusarium brachygibbosum. Molecular identification of the studied fungus was
performed using the universal primers: the results of the genetic analysis
revealed the identities of fungus as follows: a 100% of identity for Fusarium
brachygibbosum that was deposited at the GenBank under accession number
ON738702.1. This fungus has shown high pathogenicity against cotton seeds and
seedlings by reducing their Germination and growth severely. Treated cotton
seeds with the biological factors of Trichoderma spp. revealed a high
efficiency in reducing disease incidence and increasing cotton germination
percentage. Trichoderma viride showed the highest ability in increasing seed
germination up to 94.44%, while the lowest ability reached 77.77 % in Trichoderma pseudokoningii and Trichoderma
reesei. The results of extracting toxins from the filters of Trichoderma spp.
used in the study showed the presence of Trichodermin and Gliotoxin in large
quantities. The percentage of toxin inhibition was great against the growth of
pathogenic fungi. The highest percentage of inhibition was 86.1% for isolate
Trichoderma koningiopsis, and the lowest percentage was 66.65% for isolate
Trichoderma reesei. As for the effect of isolates of resistant fungus on the
Pathogen in the field, the highest germination rate was 100%, and the
inhibition rate was 0.00% when using the biological preparation prepared from
the isolates (Trichoderma viride,
Trichoderma .pseudokoningii, Trichoderma koningiopsis and Trichoderma reesei).
Keywords Fusarium brachygibbosum; Trichoderma
spp.; Trichodermin; gliotoxin; Biological control.
22 Evaluation of the Efficacy of Trichoderma species and their
Fungal Toxins in the Eradication of Alternaria alternata Causing Seeds Decay
and Damping-off Disease on Cotton in Iraq
Aymen
Mahi 1, Yasir Hussein Alhamiri 2,*
[email protected] . ORCID
Correspondence
[email protected].
Abstract:
The object of this study was to isolate and identify the pathogens accompanying
the cotton seeds and seedlings rotting and death. As well as, some Trichoderma
spp. were assessed against the fungal Pathogen associated with the disease. The
results showed that one of the most important isolated fungi
Alternaria alternata that has shown high virulence in attacking cotton seeds
and seedlings and reducing germination and growth. This fungus was identified
rely on its morphological and molecular characteristics. The Trichoderma
species applied have shown high efficiency in reducing infection rates and
increasing cotton germination percentage. Every isolate of Trichoderma showed a
high efficiency against the fungus A. alternata by providing the highest
antagonistic ability reached 93.75%. The highest percentage of inhibition
growth of Pathogen was (86.11%) achieved by Trichoderma koningiopsis while the
lowest percentage of inhibition growth of Pathogen was 66.65 % for Trichoderma
reesei . However, the biological formula prepared from species Trichoderma
viride, Trichoderma pseudokoningii , Trichoderma koningiopsis and Trichoderma
reesei displayed the highest percentage of inhibition of 100% against the
fungus A. alternata .
Keywords
Alternaria alternata; Trichoderma spp.; Trichodermin; gliotoxin; Biological
control.
23 Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Apis mellifera
L. Honey, Propolis, Royal jelly in Iraqi Kurdistan Region
Banaz
Abdulla1, Rukhosh Rashed2, Rebwar Hamasalih1, Tishk Shekh Faraj2, Nashmil
Rashid2, Hozan Hamamurad1
Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: (optional; include country code; if
there are multiple corresponding authors, add author initials)
Abstract:
This study was conducted at a laboratory in the department of Biology, College
of Education, University of Salahaddin, from February to May 2022 in order to
investigate chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of
propolis, honey and royal jelly. The honeybee production extract showed Gram
(+) bacteria were more resistant to the antibacterial compounds of honey and
propolis than Gram (-) bacteria and fungi. E. coli was found to be a more
sensitive isolate than all the other bacteria examined against the honey types
tested, while it revealed more resistance against all types of propolis. Royal
jelly with honey was found to display greater antimicrobial activity than other
bee products and exhibited superior activity; the minimum inhibitory
concentration of honey and propolis samples ranged from 32 to 512 mg/ml, The
MIC value of the most effective honey (Honey 1, Honey 2 and Royal jelly) were
32 mg/ml, The lowest concentration of Qaladze propolis was (32 mg/ml) for E.
coli ATCC 25922, followed by 128 mg/ml in some other propolis types.
Keywords:
Apis mellifera; antimicrobial activities; honey; propolis; royal jelly
24 The effect of phosphorus fertilizer and nano-magnesium
spray on the vegetative and reproductive of Datura stramonium L.
Shrooq
Khalifa Al-Tamimi 1 and Ali Nadhim Farhood
2
Abstract:
In 2021, a field trial was conducted out at the College of Agriculture,
University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq, to study the effect of phosphate
fertilization1 and nano-magnesium spraying on the vegetative and reproductive
traits of Datura plants. Experiment treatments was distributed three
replications according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two
factors. First factor included four levels of Phosphorus fertilizer: 0, 25, 50,
and 75 kg P ha-1. The second factor included spraying of nano-magnesium in four
concentrations: 0 (distilled water only) and 60, 120, and 180 mg Mg L-1. The
results showed that phosphorous caused a significant increase in the studied
traits, as the treatment 50 kg P ha-1 gave the highest mean in plant height, number
of branches, leaf area, leaf yield, seed yield, alkaloids percentage in leaves
and seeds, number of fruits and number of seeds, which amounted to 66.99 cm and
27.62 plant-1, 1989.12 cm2 940.76kg
ha-1, 501.49 kg ha-1, 13.16%, 13.18%, 26.02 fruit plant-1 and 228.14 seed
plant-1, respectively. The treatment 180 kg Mg ha-1 gave the highest average,
number of leaves, leaf area, yield of leaves, yield of seeds, percentage of
alkaloids in leaves and seeds, number of fruits and number of seeds reaching,
122.94 leaves Plant-1, 1996.62 cm2, 886.59 kg ha-1, 486.17 kg h-1, 14.86%,
15.10%, 26.56 fruits plant-1, 243.63 seeds plant-1 . We can conclude that
adding phosphorus and spraying Nano-magnesium causes improvement of vegetative
and reproductive traits of Datura plant.
Keywords:
Fertilization; Nano; Nutrients; Medicinal Plant; Yield; alkaloids
25 Effect of mixing ratios and spraying with microelements on
the growth and yield of forage for a mixture of oats and clover
Israa.
S. mohammed1 and lamiaa .M.S. Al-Freeh*2
1College
of Agriculture, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq
*Correspondence
; [email protected]
Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in the fields of the Agricultural Research
Station - College of Agriculture,
University of Basra during the winter season 2021-2022. To study the effect of
seeding rates of both oats and Egyptian clover with mixing percentages of 100%
oats, 75% oats + 25% clover, 50% oats + 50% clover, 75% clover + 25% oats, 100%
clover as the first factor and microelements at a concentration of 1500, 3000
and 4500 ppm as a second factor. The time for spraying with micro-elements was
in the branching stage, 7-10 days after the first spray, and 7-10 days after
the second spray. The experiment was carried out in a factorial experiment,
according to a randomized complete block design, R.C.B.D. with three
replications. Three cuttings were taken during the growth period of the crop.
The height of the oats and clover plants, the number of oat tillers, the number
of clover branches, the weight ratio of leaves to tillers and stems, as well as
the amount of green and dry forage were measured. The results of the study
showed that the different ratios of mixing oats and clover crops contributed to
the production of the studied traits, 50% of oats + 50% of clover in the second
cutting recorded the highest yield of green fodder (66.84 tons ha-1) and dry
fodder yield (22.37 tons ha-1). As for the effect of concentrations of
microelements, the level of 4500 ppm achieved superiority in all growth
characteristics of all cutting, and the highest yield was recorded in green
fodder (65.57 tons ha-1) and dry forage (22.44 tons ha-1) at the second
cutting. 50% oats + 50% clover at the level of 4500 ppm and gave the highest
yield for green fodder (69.66 tons ha-1) and dry (24.81 tons ha-1).
Keywords:
Mixture, Spraying, micro-nutrients, green fodder, Avena sativa, Clover.
26 Role of irrigation scheduling and potassium levels on the
growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Anbar 33 cultivar
Ahmed
Al-Mashhadani1, Saad Hassan2, Muntadher Al_Budeiri 3* and Ali Matar4
[email protected] . Agriculture Research
Office / Ministry of Agriculture / Iraq
[email protected] . Agriculture
Research Office / Ministry of Agriculture / Iraq
Correspondence:
[email protected].
Abstract:
A field experiment was carried out in Agricultural Research Office fields / Al
Diwaniyah Research Station of 2019, to study of the role of irrigation
scheduling and potassium levels in growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Anbar 33 cultivar. A Factorial experiment Design in order of split plot with
three replicates was used, the main plots occupied with irrigation factor (I)
with four levels I1, I2, I3 and I4 representing irrigation every (1,2,3 and 4
days respectively), while the sub plots occupied with potassium fertilizer
factor (K) with four levels K1, K2, K3 and K4 representing (0, 60, 120 and 180
Kg k ha-1 respectively). The Results indicated that the Irrigation scheduling
affected growth and yield traits where I2 treatment was significantly superior
on plant height, panicle length, panicles number, weight of 1000 grain, grain
yield and biological yield which gave 97.3cm, 23.42cm, 100.8m2, 17.77gm,
2.86Meg ha-1 and 10.00 Meg ha-1 respectively, Which didn’t different
significantly of I1 treatment on plant height, panicle length, panicles number,
grain yield and biological yield. the addition of potassium fertilizer affected
significantly in studied traits, as K2 significantly superior on panicles
number, grain number/panicle, grain yield and biological yield which gave
101.9m2, 60.58, 2.94 Mgh-1 and 9.69 Mgh-1 re-spectively, Which didn’t different
significantly than K4 treatment on panicles number, grain number/panicle and
grain yield. The intraction indicated that there were significant differences
among treatments, as I2K2 significantly superior on panicles number, grain
number/panicle, grain yield and biological yield which gave 160.0m2, 55.00,
4.20Meg ha-1 and 13.63Meg ha-1 respectively.
Keywords:
Potassium fertilizer; Irrigation role; Drought tolerance Rice.
27 Effect of Some Chemical Herbicides on the Weeds
Accompanying the Field's Peanut Crop
B.A.A.
AL-YASARI and M.N.H. AL-YASARI*
1
Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Iraq
Department
of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Iraq
2;
[email protected] 0000-0002-3873-0215
Abstract:
A field experiment was carried out in one of the fields of preparative Ibn
Al-Bitar occupational / Al-Hussainiya region in Holy Kerbala for the spring
season 2021 by planting Peanut plant) Arachis hypogaea L.) a local variety, in
soil with a clay loam texture, with a view to knowing the best chemical
herbicides to control the growing weed with Peanut crop, the experiment was
applied in a randomized complete block design (RCBD)with three replications,the
experiment included six treatments: Weedy and Weed Free, which were controlled
manually throughout the growing season, and treatments of the chemical
herbicides used before planting, Trifluralin and Pendimethalin, which were
sprayed 10 days before planting, and and post planting herbicides Oxyfluorfen
and Clethodim, which were sprayed during the vegetative growth of the plant and
the beginning of the flowering stage, sprayed herbicides at the recommended
rates:
The results showed that there were significant
differences in the control process with chemical herbicides for the date (30)
days of spraying the herbicides, as the two herbicides Oxyfluorfen and
Pendimethalin, gave the lowest density of broad leaf weeds reached (4.6 and
7.6) plants m-2 respectively. The results also showed for the date (60) days
From spraying herbicides to the presence of significant differences, as the two
herbicides Pendimethalin and Oxyfluorfen, gave the lowest density to broad leaf
weeds, reaching (4.6 and 6.0) m-2 plants, respectively,As for the narrow-leaf
weed for the time (30 and 60) days of spraying the herbicides, there was no
significant difference between the averages of the herbicides, and the two
herbicides Oxyfluorfen and Pendimethalin, gave the lowest density of broad leaf
weeds for the time (90) days of spraying the herbicides, which amounted to
(6.0) and 6.3) plant m-2 respectively, as for the narrow-leaf weed for the same
date, the herbicides Trifluralin, Clethodim and Oxyfluorfen, were superior in
giving the lowest density to the narrow leaf weed of (5.0, 5.3 and 5.6) plants
m-2 respectively, and no There was no significant difference between these
herbicides,The results indicated the superiority of the two herbicides
Oxyfluorfen and Pendimethalin, in giving the highest percentage of broad leaf
weed control for the date (30, 60 and 90) days of spraying the herbicides. As
for the narrow leaf weeds for the same dates, the herbicides Oxyfluorfen,
Clethodim, and Trifluralin, were superior in giving The highest rate of control
of narrow leaf weed. The herbicides Oxyfluorfen, recorded the lowest average
dry weight and the highest percentage of inhibition on broad and narrow leaf
weeds compared to other herbicide treatments.
Keywords
:Herbicides; Pendimethalin ; Oxyfluorfen ;Trifluralin ; Clethodim ; Broad leaf
; Narrow leaf; Weeds.
28 Response of maize grain yield and components to foliar iron
nano-particle application
Naeem
A. Mutlag1*, Adawiya S. M. Al-Rawi2 Mohammed D.Y. El-Jubouri3, and Saddam H.
Cheyed2
University
of Fallujah 1; [email protected] . 0000-0002-6776-0675
2College
of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad. Iraq:
[email protected]
Al-Karkh
University of Science 2;
Correspondence:
[email protected].
Abstract:
During the spring season of 2021, a field experiment was conducted at the
College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad (Abi
Ghraib location). To investigate the impact of nano iron concentrations and the
dates of their application on the yield and its components of maize. A
factorial experiment was carried in a split plot arrangement. The main plots
occupied the spraying dates (beginning of the male flowering stage, 50% female
flowering and completion of female flowering) and symbolized in sequence.
Whereas the iron concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg. L-1) occupied to
sub-plots according to RCBD with three replicates. The results revealed that
the dates of spraying nano iron had a substantial influence on the majority of
the features tested. The early date (beginning of the male flowering stage)
gave the highest average length of the ear (16.374 cm), the number of rows per
ear (16.3 row ear-1), and the number grains per ear (563.4 grain ear-1) and the
total grain yield of 6.096 tons ha.-1. The results also showed that the
concentrations of nano iron 300 mg L-1were superior in all the characteristics
of the yield components and the grain yield, as it produced the greatest
average for ear length, number of rows, number of grains per row, number of
grains in the ear, weight of 500 grains, and total grain yield. It is concluded
from this study that spraying at the beginning of flowering stage is the most
responsive to spraying the nano iron element, especially at the concentration
of 300 mg L-1.
Keywords:
Nano iron; flowering stage; ear length; grain yield
29 Isolation and Molecular Diagnosis of Enterobacter cloacae
and Kineococcus radiotolerans from Red Clover nodules and Evaluate the prepared
inoculum from them as a stimulator for plant growth
Shaimaa
A. M. Ali 1,* Abdulkareem E. S.
Alkurtany2 Muqdad Salih
Jasim3 Abdullah Abdulkareem Hassan3
1
Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq;
2Department
of Soil and Water Resources Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University,
Iraq.
3
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University,
Iraq.
Correspondence:
[email protected] ; 096407729283329
Abstract:
To obtain biological inoculum that promotes plant growth and contributes to a
clean environment and sustainable agriculture, 21 samples were collected from
the root nodes of the red clover plant(Trifolium paratens) grown in gypsiferous
soils at Research Station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water
Resources - Faculty of Agriculture - University of Tikrit, samples were
cultured in the medium of YEMA and two isolates belonging to the genera
Enterobacter cloacae and Kineococcus radiotolerans were diagnosed with
phenotypically and molecularly, the diagnosis was confirmed using the analysis
of nitrogen bases sequence of the DNA of the 16S rRNA gene. It was recorded in
the National Center Biotechnology Information(NCBI) with the numbers MN310027.1
and KT216573.1 respectively, these isolates were activated and tested their
efficiency as a bio-stimulant by testing their ability to dissolve insoluble
phosphate compounds and produce indole acetic acid and chelating compounds, the
results showed the ability of all isolates to produce indole acetic acid (IAA),
chelating compounds, and solubility of phosphates, E. cloacae isolate
outperformed K. radiotolerans isolates in these parameters, as it gave E.
coloaca solubilization of phosphate and IAA production of 40.3 mg p L-1 and
11.2 µg ml-1 respectively, and it gave a high production of the chelating compounds
compared to the treatment inoculated with K. radiotolerans, which gave 27.20 mg
p L-1 and 7.21 µg ml-1, and medium production of iron chelating compounds, the
results also showed the superiority of the
inoculated treatments over the uninoculated treatments in the percentage
of germination, the speed of germination, the length of tomato seedlings, the
dry weight of the Shoot and root parts and the number of leaves, and the
results showed the superiority of the inoculated treatment with E. cloacae significantly
on K. radiotolerans isolate.
Keywords:
Enterobacter cloacae, Kineococcus radiotolerans, Molecular Diagnosis, Bacterial
inoculation, Eggplant seedlings.
30 Effect of spraying with silicon, humic acid, and proline on
the safflower tolerance (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to salt stress
Qadesia
Alabdulwahed*1 Kadhim Huthily2
Field
Crops Dept. College of Agriculture, Al- Basrah University. 0000-0003-2509-0180
;
[email protected] . ORCID
Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: (optional; include country code; if there are multiple
corresponding authors, add author initials)
Keywords:
Foliar Spraying, Salinity, Silicon, Humic acid, proline.
31 Study the difference in a carcass and the relative weight
of the parts of the carcass of Molar, White Pekin and Brown Iraqi local duck.
Salah
Gatea 1, Salam Altaie 2 , Nihad Nafel 3,* , Thamer ALjanabi 4
and Sura Khafaji 5
Department
of Animal production, Agriculture
College, Kerbala University, Iraq; Email: [email protected].
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9794-0984
Department
of Animal production, Agriculture
College, Kerbala University, Iraq ;Email: [email protected].
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1061-0446
Department of Animal production, Agriculture College, Kerbala
University, Iraq; Email: [email protected].
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1004-7016
Department
of Animal production, Agriculture
College, Kerbala University, Iraq; Email:
[email protected].
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4617-2049
Department
of Animal production, Veterinary .Medicine College, AL-Qasim Green University,
Iraq; Email: [email protected].
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2062-7970
Correspondence:
: [email protected].
Abstract:
The existing experiment was intended to of the explore in differences among
three breeds of duck of Molar, White Pekin
and Brown Iraqi local duck in carcass traits and some organs. Thirty
ducks (n= 10 of each breed) at age 2th month were reared at open scheme for 8
weeks. At end of this period before and after slaughter the weight of all ducks
had taken. Weigh the of the carcass,
thighs, back and neck, wings, and breast were estimated by balance. Then some
slaughter organs, heart, liver, and gizzard were weighted. The statistical
analysis of current data showed a significant (P≤0.05) raising in live body
weight (LBW) in molar ducks compared with other breed ducks. On other hand, the
results of carcass traits recorded a significant (P<0.05) increment in wings
percentage in molar ducks compared with White Pekin and Brown Iraqi local
ducks. Also, the statistical examination verified a significant (P<0.05)
increment in heart and gizzard percentages in molar ducks in comparison with
other breeds. As well as, the regression equations verified for determining
live body weight by slaughter traits in three breed ducks. Concluded, that
there are differences among Molar, Pekin and Brown Iraqi local ducks in live
body weight, and carcass weight, as well as, weights of some organs, also it
improved significant in Molar duck in compared with White Pekin and Brown Iraqi
local ducks.
Keywords:
Ducks; slaughter; breed; organs.
32 Effect of applying hydrostatic pressure on some of quality
properties in Iraqi rams and calves’ meats.
Rabeea
Mahmood 1*, Anwer Mhannawee 2 and Esraa Mohsen 3
[email protected] Animal Production, Agriculture College,
University of Kerbala, .
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8760-4381
[email protected] Animal
Production, Agriculture College, University of Kerbala, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9161-4881
[email protected] General Directorate of
Vocational Education, Ministry of Education, Iraq.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6618-8980
*
Correspondence; ; [email protected] Animal Production, Agriculture College,
University of Kerbala,
Abstract:
Two experiments has been conducted in this research, both were to know the
effects of hydrostatic pressure on Iraqi rams and calves meats. (One experiment
to each kind of meat), Four treatments were designed for each experiment:
control with no hydrostatic pressure, T1 with 100 bar exposed pressure, T2 with
200 bar and T3 with 300 bar. The pressures were generated and handled via
device designed and manufactured to this goal. The studied properties were
Water holding capacity WHC, thaw loss, fragmentation index FI, myofibril
fragmentation index MFI, protein solubility and finally shear force. All these properties
are related so strongly with meat tenderness. All studied properties affected
significantly with applying hydrostatic pressure on meat samples to the both
rams and calves’ meat samples. Therefore, it could be concluded that exposing
meat to hydrostatic pressure enhance its tenderness related properties.
Keywords:
hydrostatic pressure; tenderness; WHC; FI; MFI; Protein solubility; Shear force
33 Comparison of chemical and Sensory Characteristics of meat
betties produced from three types ducks, Muscovy, Peking and Molar
Haifa
Awahd1, Zeinab Al-tememe 2 and Manal
Alsirrag3,*
college of Agriculture, department of animal
production, University of Kerbala - Iraq;hayfaa.a@uo kerbala.edu.iq.
ORCID.org/0000-0003-2466-2554
college of Agriculture, department of animal
production, University of Kerbala - Iraq; [email protected] .
ORCID.org/0000-0001-7917-0798
Affiliation
3; college of Agriculture, department of animal production, University of
Kerbala – Iraq. ORCID org/0000-0001-5721-125
Correspondence
[email protected]; Tel.:07727522832.
Abstract:
This study was conducted in the Animal Production department, the
Agriculture College University of Karbala, For the purpose of
comparing three types of ducks meat bred in the animal fields of the College
(Muscovy - Mollar - Pekini). The slaughter was carried out in the fields of the
college, and only the breasts were taken for each sample of the three species,
and they were minced in a home mincing machine and kept in polyethylene bags
until physical and sensory tests were performed on duck meat and compared
between them, The moisture content of molar ducks, Muscovy ducks, and Peking
ducks was 74%, 73% and 56%, respectively. Results showed that higher fat content
in peking maet 36% than other two kinds
of duck meat Muscovy and molar meat were 23% and 24% respectively, While peking
meat had loweprotein content was 14.8% than Muscovy and mular were 18% and 17%
respectively.
It
was a positive direct correlation between the properties of protein and fat,
which indicates that both the content of protein and fat are present at a very
close level for muscovy and molar meat, This indicates the superiority of these
two types and the possibility of using them in the manufacture of meat and meat
products. Despite the few differences between the studied samples, the burger
manufacturing results of the three models showed the possibility of using these
meats in the manufacture of meat and meat products.
Keywords:
Sensory and chemical composition ,
Muscovy duck 1; Molar 2; Piking duck.
34 Lycopene modulates testicular injury, oxidative stress, and
caspases upregulation induced by fenvalerate in male rats
Ali
Jebur,1*Raghda El-Sayed2, Fatma El-Demerdash3
Department
of Animal production, Agriculture
College, Kerbala University, Iraq; Email: [email protected]
Department
of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research,
Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Email: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4733-8434
Department of Environmental Studies, Institute
of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Email: [email protected],
[email protected]
orcid.org/0000-0001-5624-9145
Correspondence:
Email: [email protected].
[email protected]
Abstract:
Fenvalerate (FEN), is one of the widely utilized synthetic pyrethroids may have
a negative impact on male fertility in both animals and people, while the
potential mechanism is still unknown. This study's objective was to assess
lycopene's potential therapeutic value in protecting male rats from the
testicular damage and oxidative stress caused by FEN. In our investigation, 28
male rats were randomized into four groups at random: lycopene (10 mg/kg BW),
FEN (20 mg/kg BW), and lycopene plus FEN. The rats got their doses orally by
gavage each day for four weeks. Animals that had consumed FEN showed high
levels of hydrogen peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances as well
as phosphatases, and aminotransferases activities. However, there was a
considerable drop in antioxidant enzymes activity, glutathione, and protein
content. Significant changes in testosterone, luteinizing and
follicle-stimulating hormones, and sperm quality were also found. In addition,
the expression of caspases 3 and 8 in rat testes was significantly upregulated.
Biochemical, molecular, spermatological, and histological alterations have all
been brought back to normal by lycopene. These findings imply that lycopene may
have antioxidant and preventive properties against testicular damage brought on
by FEN.
Keywords:
Fenvalerate; Lycopene; Apoptosis; Semen quality; Oxidative stress
35 Some histological effects of Bisphenol-A on some
reproductive organs in male adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Manar
Al-Murshidi 1, Walaa Hassan 2, Wurood muttaleb 3,*
College of Science for Women / University of
Babylon. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6682-0122
College
of Science / University of Babylon. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2178-2358
College
of Science for Women / University of Babylon. https://orcid.org/
0000-0003-2646-9598
Correspondence:
College of Science for Women/University of Babylon; [email protected]
Abstract: Bisphenol-A (BPA), was a broadly used
substances in our environment. Current study was established to investigate the
potential toxic effects of BPA in the histology of adult male albino rabbits
reproductive organs. 45 adult male rabbits were subdivided into three groups. Group 1,were orally received
normal saline solution daily (proposed as a negative control); Group 2 were
received (0.5 ml/day) of olive oil orally daily (proposed as a positive
control); and the third Group;3 rabbits
were treated orally with a dose of 25mg\Kg B.W. of the BP-A which dissolved in olive oil for 30
days. Tissue pecimens from epididymis ,testis, seminal vesicles and prostate
were collected for histological examination. For serum hormones level
evaluation; blood samples were collected. Results were showed that BPA caused a
significant decrease in testosterone, Lutenizing hormone, Follicle stimulating
hormone and significant increase in estradiol and prolactin, along with some
histopathological alterations in the epithelial and connective tissues of all
the organs of studied animals. In conclusion, BPA induced a hormonal
disturbances in some hormones of reproductive pituitary axis and histologic
and toxic effects on the histology of all reproductive organs.
Keywords:
Bis-Phenol A, reproductive hormones, testis, epididymis, accessory sex glands,
histology
36 Influence of adding sage leaves on growth performance,
nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation in Awassi lambs
Murtadha
Al-Bakhati1, and Anmar Al-Wazeer 2,*
Department
of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq;
[email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4197-4306
Department
of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq;
[email protected]. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3396-8811
Correspondence:
[email protected]
Abstract:
This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding different levels of
sage leaves powder (SLP) in the diet of local Awassi lambs on growth
performance, feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation. Sixteen Awassi
male lambs 4-5 months of age were randomly distributed into four treatment
groups: no feed additive (SLP0), 5g (SLP5), 10g (SLP10) and 15 g (SLP15) of
sage leaves powder/kg of dry matter (DM) were added to diet. Results revealed
that adding of SLP did not affect feed intake. However, growth performance, dry
matter and organic matter digestion were recorded higher significances (P≤0.05)
in lambs fed SLP5 and SLP10 than lambs fed SLP15 and SLP0. Total volatile fatty
acids concentrations were significantly increased (P≤0.05) in lambs fed SLP5
than other lambs. In conclusion, the addition of SLP at 5g/kg DM in the diet of
Awassi lambs improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility with a
positive effect on ruminal fermentation.
Keywords:
Salvia officinalis; Awassi lambs; Growth performance; Nutrient digestibility;
Rumen fermentation
37 Growth performance of broiler chickens of turmeric (Curcuma
longa) turmeric aqueous extract.
Baqer,
H. 1* ; Salah Gatea 2 ; Salam Altaie 3 and Thamer ALjanabi 4.
Department of Animal Production, Agriculture
College, Kerbala University, Iraq; Email: [email protected].
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8673-3760
2Department
of Animal Production, Agriculture College, Kerbala University, Iraq; Email:
[email protected]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9794-0984
3
Department of Animal Production, Agriculture College, Kerbala University, Iraq;
Email: [email protected]. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1061-0446
4
Department of Animal Production,
Agriculture College, Kerbala University, Iraq; Email: [email protected]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4617-2049
Correspondence:
[email protected]
Abstract: The effects of Turmeric Powder extract
(TPE) on the growth performance of broiler chicken were evaluated in the 5-week
study. On 240-day-old chicks weighing 40.9g. were levels supplemented with
turmeric powder Extracts (TPE) in the water of broiler chicken. In inclusion,
there was an increase in final live weight and weight gain and better feed
conversion ratio (FRC) and body and feed intake with the highest TPE on water.
The serum metabolites were not affected by the level of TP in the diets. It was
concluded that levels supplemented with turmeric powder Extracts (TPE) in the
water of broiler chicken appear to act as a growth promoter with no adverse
effect on health status.
Keywords::
turmeric, broiler, growth performance
38 Production and characterization of flavored goat milk gels using zinc and
calcium salts Producing functional foods
Qausar
ALKaisy 1,2*, Ali Alrikabi1 and Jasim Al-Saadi2
;1
Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq
ORCID0000-0002-0363-6886
2; Department of Dairy Science and technology,
College of Food Science, AL-Qasim Green University, Iraq. ORCID
0000-0002-0344-3566
Correspondence:
[email protected]. edu.iq; Tel.: 009647715967596
Abstract:
Goat milk gels were prepared using calcium and zinc salts. The Viscosity of gel
prepared by adding zinc chloride and flavored with banana, and orange, was
higher than the viscosity of gel prepared using calcium chloride. WHC of gels
prepared using zinc chloride and calcium chloride was high on the first day and
then gradually decreased during the progress of storage time at 7 °C.
The
hardness of the sweetened, flavored goat milk gel prepared with calcium
chloride was lower than the hardness of the gel prepared with zinc chloride.
The
Sensory evaluation study showed that in general, flavoring gels prepared from
goat milk using zinc and calcium salts had a high degree of acceptability.
Keywords:
flavored gel; Zinc chloride; Goat milk; Rheological properties
39 The Effect of Partial Replacement of yellow corn by Iraqi
Rice Bran Treated with multi-enzymes on the Broiler performance
Tariq S. Almrsomi1,*, Ali J. Hammod2, Ammar H.
Areaaer3
1
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture,
2
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture,
3
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture,
*Corresponding
author: [email protected]
Abstract:
Until recently, the central objective of poultry feed formulation was to supply
common feed stuff such as corn. Today, the search for sustainable alternatives
for the traditional feed elements is a major goal in order to reduce the feed
cost. This study was carried out to
explore the production performance of the Rice bran in the feeding of broiler
Ross 308 chicken. 180 chicks were fed with Rice bran diets treated with
multi-enzyme as a partial replacement (10%) of Yellow Corn. Chicks were
distributed into four treatment groups as follows: (L0) control (45% yellow
corn), L1, L2 and L3 (10% Rice bran and 35% yellow corn). Rice bran was treated
with different amounts of multi-enzymes; 500, 750, 1000mg of Labazyme\kg diet
respectively. The results showed a significant (P≤0.05) decreases in the
marketing live body weight and total body weight gain for broilers fed with 10%
Rice bran and 35% yellow corn. The accumulative feed consumption and
accumulative feed conversion ratio were not affected (no significance
difference at P≤0.05) when the Rice bran was treated with 1000 mg of
Lab-azyme\kg diet. The conclusion of this present study is that, diet with 10%
Rice bran and 35% yellow corn has a negative effect on the growth performance
of broiler chicken. However, the breeding cost of broiler Ross 308 chicken was
reduced when the Rice bran was treated with 1000 mg/kg multi-enzymes (L3
group). There were no effects on the mortality rate of all experimental groups.
Keyword:
Broiler, Labazyme, Performance, Rice bran, Ross 308.
40 Contamination of poultry feed with Candida species in Duhok
city using CHROMAgar
Lina
F. Hussein1*, Asia A. M. Saadullah2
1
Biology Department, College of Sciences, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan
Region, Iraq. [email protected]
2
Biology Department, College of Sciences, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan
Region, Iraq. [email protected]
Correspondence:
. [email protected].
Abstract:
This study aimed to isolate and identify Candida species that contaminate
poultry feeds in Duhok province. Using differential media and CHROMO agar as
selective media, a total of sixty samples of poultry feeds were collected and
analysed to isolate and classify Candida species. In this analysis, a total of
189 Candida isolates were found from sixty samples. Germ tube tests,
inoculation on commercially available CHROMagar, and chlamydospore formation
were performed on these isolates. The most common Candida identified was
Candida krusei (44.95%), followed by Candida tropicalis (21.72%), Candida
glabrata. (17.68%), and Candida albicans (15.66%).Particularly useful for
quickly identifying common yeast species is CHROM agar. Its ability, together
with the capacity to track mixed Candida spp. cultures lead to enhanced and in
the mycology and clinical mi-crobiology laboratories, streamline the workflow,
also in low-resource conditions.
Keywords:
CHROMO agar, Candida species, Duhok, identification, poultry feed
41 Assessment of fish meat consumption awareness of the
residents of Dhiqar governorate- AL- Refaie district
Ban
salman kadhim AL-Mafragi1,*
College
of Agriculture University of Sumer, Iraq.; [email protected]
Correspondence:
[email protected].
Abstract:
the study samples group included a group of students, a lecturer, and other
staff members in the Sumer university college of agriculture – AL- Refaie
district. A questionnaire was adopted for purpose of data collection and took
of range and ratio to each property. The results of the current study showed
that the preferred con-sumption of fish is 50% in all seasons of the year and
there is no strict use of fish consumption during the year. As for the
preference for consuming animal protein from its sources, the results showed
that the preference was for the consumption of poultry meat, followed by all
types. In terms of the desire to consume caught (dead) or live fish when the
purchase it was noticed that 62 % of people prefer live fish and 23% do not
have a difference when buying. As for the information about the preferred
weights for consumption and the method of cooking, 61% of the sample had simple
knowledge of the types of fish and the preferred weight for consumption (1.5 -
2 kg) by 69% and approximately 61% of the people preferred the method of
grilling fish over the rest of the methods. As a result, we must develop
awareness campaigns in the community to raise awareness among people to have
each of the traits studied and the advancement of society for better health.
Keywords:
fish meat; cooking fish; health awareness,
42 The effects of various doses of a leaky isolation fungus
(Fusarium solani) are handled in seedling okra plants that are 30 days old.
Halima
Z. Hussein1,*, Kifah Hadi Radi2, Shahbaa Hameed Majeed3
1
University of Baghdad College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences,
[email protected] .https://or- cid.org/0000-0003-3068-9999
2
Babylon Education/Ministry Education; [email protected].
3
College of Basic Education, Mustansiriyah University, [email protected].
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2258-9165.
*
Correspondence: [email protected];
Abstract:
This study aimed at the investigation of root rot disease root to,
deteriorating and death of okra plants; and the isolation of okra plants in
Baghdad, Babel and Karbala provinces. Diagnosis and test the pathogenicity.
Fungi associated with the roots were isolated and identified. The field survey
results showed the dissemination of root rot disease and death of okra plants in
the three provinces. The survey infection percent- age ranged from 50 to 100%,
while the severity of infection was 18- 89%. Microscopic examination showed the
existence of six innate genera associated with the roots of the deteriorating
okra plants. In a varied replicater- atesas, these fungi, namely Fusarium
solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Pythium sp., Mu- cor sp.
and Aspergillus sp. were in varied incidence rates. The highest incidence
percentage was 58% for Fusarium solani. The Pathogenicity tests, using radish
seed, f or of the 63 pathogenic fungi isolated from the- roots of the okra
showed all isolates were pathogenic. Seed germination percentage ranged from
084%, compared to 100% for control treatment. The Pathogenicity test of ten F.
solani isolates, showed the germination percent ranged from 020percentcompared
to100% control. Culture filtrate heat treated of F. solani (F. sH6) at 25, 50,
75 and 100% concentration affected the infection severity rate by 85and 91,
100and 100, 56 and, 80, 100 and 100%, respectively. while the infection rate of
untreated culture of F. solani (F. sH6). was 100%forall concentrations and the
infection severity percentages were 88.50 and 90.10, 100 and 100%,
respectively.
Keywords:
Fusarium solani, Root rot disease, Radish plant, Okra plant, Heat
43 Extraction of xylan from wood sawdust for xylose production
using enzymatic hydrolysis method
Hussein
khlaif 1 and Jassem M. Nasser 2
University
of Sumer 1; [email protected]. ORCID
University
of Baghdad [email protected] . ORCID
Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: (optional; include country code; if there are multiple
corresponding authors, add author initials)
Abstract:
Wood sawdust xylan was used as source for produce of xylose which is used in
the production of xylitol. Extraction of xylan from sawdust was performed under
alkaline and alkaline autoclaved conditions as a suitable pretreatment method
before enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that the highest of xylan yield
was 26.13% using (10% NaOH with autoclave 121 C for 15 min) in comparison to
non-autoclaved 10% sodium hydroxide at room temperature for 24 hrs was
(19.34%). Xylan was hydrolyzed to xylose using xylanase. The effect of
concentration, temperature, and incubation time on the yield of xylose
production in the enzymatic hy-drolysis was studied, the highest productivity
of xylose was 64.46%, at 50 ° C for a 45-hour incubation time, while the
concentration of xylose produced decreased when the incubation time increased,
even more. Alkaline autoclaved pretreatment was best for production of xylan
which converted to xylose using enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan.
Keywords:
Wood sawdust, hemicelluloses, alkaline extraction, autoclave and enzymatic
hydrolysis